Technological cooperation and product substitution in UK retail banking: the case of customer services
Introduction
The central aim of this paper is to review some aspects of the process of structural changed that occurred retail banking in the United Kingdom (UK). Technical progress and, in particular, the development of Information technology (IT) played a pervasive role in redefining the boundaries of this activity. Commercial banking has experienced significant changes with respect to two dimensions: internally, the emergence of a network structure as a viable solution to the bottlenecks that could hinder capacity expansion; externally, the increased variety of retail services stimulated by the interaction with customers. This paper will focus on the intertwined effects of the implementation of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and the subsequent cascade of complementary changes that elicited the definition of new procedures underpinning the design and the supply of retail services.
In the analysis proposed here the fact that economic agents learn from accumulated experience yields that they try to react creatively to confront the stimuli of a changing competitive environment by building on the consolidated patterns of their activity. The historical assessment of technological change in UK banking confirms the conjecture that the emergence of coordination embeds technical and organizational choices opening the way to further innovation in an open-ended process. This pattern of intertemporal choices drives the diachronic adaptation among members of a financial institution through the implementation of rules and procedures; among firms through the effects of competition; and among suppliers and consumers through the demand-supply dynamics. Hence, technical change is a process which becomes distributed across all agents who contribute to foster it.
Some aspects of the process of transformation of UK retail banking have been left out of the paper to maintain focus and clarity: in particular, whilst deserving a separate digression, the development of capital markets and regulation are simply outlined. The paper is structured as follows. Section one will set out the conceptual framework by reviewing the technological events occurred in UK retail banking through a long-term longitudinal analysis. The next two sections will focus on the sources and the effects of technological cooperation and demand adjustments as guiding forces of a dynamically adaptive process.
Section snippets
UK retail banking services: growth and coordination
The activity of retail banking has gone through significant changes in UK as well as in several other countries. The unfolding of technical progress within a changing competitive framework has paved the way to remarkable process and product innovation. As a result British financial institutions have long since been engaged with the systematic development of specific procedures to coordinate the progressively improved processing capacity with the organizational structure in place. Technical
Technological cooperation in retail banking innovation
The creation of an integrated banking network emerged as a viable solution to the drawbacks of limited cross-banks coordination in the transactions involving more than one financial institution. Since then, financial institutions have systematically cooperated to develop dedicated procedures in order to prevent barriers to coordination which might hinder the benefits of the collective dimension of service provision (Gordon, 1981; Earl, 1998; Antonelli, 2001). Besides, the ethos of automated
Product substitution in retail banking services
As observed in the previous section, the development of IT and the emergence of a new division of labour provided the appropriate incentives for the formation of an integrated network in the retail banking system of the UK. At the beginning competition was based on expanding territorial coverage based on the heterogeneity across factor markets. However, as the costs advantages of automated transactions exhausted their initial benefits, financial institutions cooperated for the creation of a
Conclusions
The task of analysing the diffusion of information technologies in retail banking in the UK across 30 years offered the chance to overview the evolution of a system and, in particular, of the cascade of process and product innovations that followed. The analysis developed in this paper elaborates on the sources and the effects of interrelatedness between complementary generations of service provision modes.
The historical account developed in the first part of this paper highlights the emergence
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Cristiano Antonelli and Stan Metcalfe for comments and suggestions. An earlier draft of this paper benefited from fruitful discussions with the participants in the European Summer School in Industrial Dynamics (ESSID), Cargese (Corsica) in September 2003. I thank the Editor for helpful comments. The financial support of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies.
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