“Old” theories, “New” technologies: Understanding knowledge sharing and learning in Brazilian software development companies
Introduction
Knowledge is an essential property for companies in contemporary economies, especially knowledge-intensive ones such as software-development companies. Such companies must not only explore current knowledge but also invest continuously in the search for new knowledge to provide strategic options for future decisions and develop a competitive edge [1]. Hence, it is extremely important that companies acquire, store and reuse knowledge systematically. To achieve this goal, new technologies such as social software can help promote the sharing and reuse of acquired knowledge. Social software is a term for software systems that support human communication, collaboration and interaction in large communities [2]. Normally, social software is associated with Internet communities but may also be used in learning contexts [3]. Many new technologies, which are also known as Web 2.0 technologies, constitute social software. They facilitate distributed collaboration, foster the free reuse of information and experience and help knowledge workers to deal with immense information overload by simplifying the organization, integration and reuse of information scattered across diverse content sources [4].
In recent years, many knowledge-intensive companies such as those involved with software-development have used these new technologies as substitutes for intranets, creating an environment in which communication and collaboration between workers take place more effectively and organizational learning (OL) is possible [5]. However, despite the growing number of companies using these new technologies as a way of promoting the codification, sharing and reuse of knowledge, in many cases the companies do not know how these technologies can aid the OL process. Therefore, it is important to map how each technology can facilitate the different steps of the OL process in order to maximize the use of these tools. This is particularly important for developing countries such as Brazil, which have a large domestic software market and aim to compete in international markets. In Brazil, efforts are being made by both the government and industry to improve software processes.
This study seeks to understand how knowledge-sharing and learning theories relate to new technologies. Three well-established knowledge-sharing and learning theories were used: the single- and double-loop learning theory of Argyris and Schön [6], Wenger’s communities of practice theory [7] and Nonaka and Takeuchi’s SECI knowledge-creation theory [8]. These were chosen because the models proposed in the theories describe processes at the individual and organizational levels and the concepts described are closely related to the concepts that these new tools implement. In addition, since each tool applies a concept described by a theory, it can be claimed that the use of the tool can help improve the OL process related to that concept.
To identify the main tools and technologies used by companies and to understand what perception companies have of these tools and technologies, a survey was conducted in a group of Brazilian software-development companies. The revenue of the Brazilian software and services sector reached U.S. $27.1 billion in 2012 and has grown faster than the world average in recent years. The sector is now responsible for almost 50% of IT investments in Latin America. The present study, which focused on consolidated software development companies in Brazil with a medium to high maturity level, showed which tools these companies use to manage knowledge and how they view these tools. The data from the survey allowed us to identify which of the new technologies available are used to store knowledge generated during the software-development process.
This paper presents the results of a survey applied in thirteen out of twenty Brazilian software-development companies that implement the Brazilian Software Processes Improvement model (MPS.Br) at level A, B or C and use some type of new technology or social tool as a knowledge repository. The paper investigates the main new technologies used by these companies and compares the survey findings with data from the literature. It maps how the tools and technologies used relate to three knowledge-sharing and learning theories. More specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
- 1.
Which tools or technologies do the software-development companies studied here use as knowledge repositories?
- 2.
Which theories of OL do the new technologies or tools cover?
- 3.
To which new technologies or tools is each theory related?
- 4.
Which new technologies or tools help promote OL in software-development companies more efficiently?
- 5.
What organizational improvements do the tools or technologies make possible in the companies?
The remainder of the paper is organized into six more sections. Section 2 presents a brief overview of knowledge management (KM) and the three knowledge-sharing and learning theories. Section 3 describes the survey methodology, while Section 4 presents the survey results. Section 5 contains an analysis of the results and compares the survey data with the theories. Section 6 discusses the tools and theories presented. Final considerations are presented in Section 7.
Section snippets
Knowledge management
In recent years, organizations have placed increasing importance on their employees’ experience and know-how, i.e., their knowledge [9]. This underlying knowledge is applied in many ways by companies, e.g., in routines, production practices and relationships. As a result, companies are faced with the challenges of creating and implanting processes that generate, store, organize, disseminate and apply knowledge produced and used in a company in a systematic, explicit and reliable way so that it
Survey methodology
This section describes the survey methodology used to collect the data. The survey was conducted by e-mail and with an online questionnaire which the companies were invited by email to complete. This approach was chosen because although online questionnaire surveys usually have the lowest overall response rate [39,40], they are easy to complete and allow the responses to be analyzed quickly [39]. Furthermore, Brazil is a country of continental dimensions and web surveys are easy to carry out.
Results
The results were divided into two parts. The first is an overview of the tools and is intended to help understand which tools are used most and enable better knowledge sharing; it also provides information on how often the tools are used by the companies surveyed. The purpose of the second part was to understand the impact that the use of the tools can have on the companies and their employees and how these tools are used. This part shows how the content is classified, what restrictions there
Analysis of the results
After the survey results had been organized quantitatively, as described in Section 4, the data were analyzed qualitatively to answer the questions in Section 1. The analysis was conducted using discursive textual analysis [46]. This type of analysis is recommended for qualitative research and shares many of the assumptions of other methodologies in the field of textual analysis, such as content analysis [47] and discourse analysis [48].
In content analysis, the research objectives are defined
Discussion
Promoting the use of new technologies by employees, which can help companies to improve OL significantly, is not an easy task. Employees have a natural resistance to such technologies, which makes KM more difficult. This resistance is occasioned by several factors, the most widely reported in this study being that employees prefer to use extra-organizational repositories and that entering content in tools is time-consuming.
Although the adoption of technology by companies will always face
Final considerations and future research
This study sought to understand how new tools and technologies relate to three “old” KM theories. To this end, a survey of Brazilian software-development companies was carried out. The findings show that the new tools and technologies identified help apply the concepts described in the theories and can improve OL. Wikis and collaborative writing tools are the most helpful tools as far as OL is concerned, as they can help promote all the concepts in all three theories. However, it is important
Acknowledgments
This work was developed with the financial support of Fundação Araucária (Foundation for the Support of Scientific and Technological Development in the State of Paraná, Brazil).
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