International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
An assessment on the use of Terra ASTER L3A data in landslide susceptibility mapping
Highlights
► To minimize the data production load for landslide susceptibility maps, the potential use of Terra ASTER L3A data is investigated. ► A strong correlation between Terra ASTER L3A DEM and the reference DEM was obtained (r = 0.99; zASTER L3A ≈ zReference HGK). ► Depending on the increment of the degree of the derivative, the spatial susceptibility differences between the maps produced from different data sources increase and the spatial correlations decrease. ► Among the topographic derivatives obtained from Terra ASTER L3A DEM, only the first ones could be used effectively in landslide susceptibility mapping—in case the acquisition quality of Terra ASTER imagery is high.
Introduction
Landslide susceptibility maps are of great importance for landslide hazard mitigation efforts throughout the World. For this reason, preparation of landslide susceptibility maps has been one of the most crucial subjects among the international geomorphology and engineering geology communities for the last decade. It is evident that the reliability of a landslide susceptibility map depends on not only the technique employed but also the data used. Therefore, in producing a regional-scaled landslide susceptibility map, substantial efforts are spent to collect well-documented landslide inventory, geological and topographic data of an area to be studied. These efforts obviously require reasonably lots of time and cost. To minimize this problem, remotely sensed data have been used extensively, because the relevant products constitute the most important sources when working in large areas and difficult field conditions such as mountainous regions. For the purpose, Terra ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite data has been used in landslide evaluations in the last decade in particular (Crowley et al., 2003, Liu et al., 2004, Fourniadis et al., 2007, Santini et al., 2009). Crowley et al. (2003) investigated the utility of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing systems and digital elevation data for mapping hydrothermally altered rocks and other volcanic features that may contribute to potential debris flow hazards. As the result of the study performed by Crowley et al. (2003), comparisons of the imagery and digital elevation data sets acquired from both airborne and spaceborne sensors demonstrate the feasibility of remotely sensed data in evaluation of altered rock masses that constitute potential volcanic debris flow source areas. Liu et al. (2004) perform a regional assessment of landslide hazard in the Three Gorges area, China, based on Terra ASTER imagery data, including a stereo image-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and multispectral reflective and thermal imagery, in combination with limited field investigation. According to Liu et al. (2004), the results of their work have demonstrated that Terra ASTER imagery constitutes a useful source of topographic and spectral information for regional landslide hazard mapping. The study regarding use of Terra ASTER data in producing landslide susceptibility map was also published by Fourniadis et al. (2007). The objectives of the research published by Fourniadis et al. (2007) are to develop a methodology for regional scale assessment of landslide hazard using Terra ASTER data, and to produce a landslide hazard map of the Wushan–Badong region in the Three Gorges in China. The results obtained by Fourniadis et al. (2007) indicate adequate correlations between the defined hazard classes and field confirmed slope failures, and represent the potential benefits of Terra ASTER imagery in landslide hazard assessment at regional scales. Another critical evaluation was done by Santini et al. (2009). Santini et al. (2009) emphasized that the choice of the most appropriate DEM processing procedure affects the implementation of countermeasures against landslides. The researchers performed a comparative study to investigate the influence of different terrain analysis procedures on the results of the slope stability model SHALSTAB (Shallow Landslide Stability) using remotely Terra ASTER DEMs.
The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the potential use of Terra ASTER L3A data in landslide susceptibility mapping in medium scale. For the purpose, a two-stage comparative evaluation was carried out. In the first stage, the differences between the DEMs obtained from Terra ASTER L3A data and the conventional methods, and their first and second derivatives were investigated. Spatial difference and correlation analyses were taken into account in this stage. Subsequently, different landslide susceptibility maps were produced by using the spectral information acquired from satellite sensor, and the DEMs and the derivatives obtained from both Terra ASTER L3A data and conventional topographic data. Similar comparison procedures, spatial difference and correlation analyses were also applied for the resultant susceptibility maps in the second stage of the study. As the study area, a landslide-prone region from the Western Black Sea region of Turkey, the Kelemen catchment area was selected (Fig. 1).
Section snippets
Study area
The Kelemen catchment area is located in the Ulus basin, which is the largest sedimentary basin of the Western Pontids (Tuysuz, 1999) (Fig. 2). In geological and tectonic framework, the catchment is located in the Istanbul–Zonguldak zone of the Western Pontids (Yilmaz et al., 1997). These sedimentary units having large areal extent in the region are grouped in the name of Ulus formation by Tuysuz (1999). The Early–Late Cretaceous aged Ulus formation (Tuysuz, 1999) covers 95% of the whole
Data
Topographic parameters such as altitude, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvatures constitute one of the fundamental factor groups in landslide susceptibility evaluations. All of these parameters are derived from elevation models. Commonly, 1:25,000 scaled elevation models in digital format are employed when producing regional scaled landslide susceptibility maps. In some countries such as Turkey, it is possible to find 1:25,000 scaled elevation models in digital format. Otherwise, an
Landslide susceptibility mapping
Landslide researchers have considered different techniques such as simple overlay (Gupta and Joshi, 1990, Pachauri and Pant, 1992, Gokceoglu and Aksoy, 1996, Turrini and Visintainer, 1998, Donati and Turrini, 2002, Ayenew and Barbieri, 2005), statistical analysis (Carrara et al., 1991, Guzzetti et al., 1999, Baeza and Corominas, 2001, Lee and Min, 2001, Ercanoglu et al., 2004, Suzen and Doyuran, 2004a, Suzen and Doyuran, 2004b, Ayalew and Yamagishi, 2005, Gokceoglu et al., 2005, Duman et al.,
Discussions and conclusions
The main purpose of this research is to investigate the potential use of Terra ASTER L3A data – the L3A DEM and its derivatives in landslide susceptibility mapping. For the purpose, an appropriate application site – the Kelemen catchment area was selected. Since, all of the catchment area locates in unique geological unit—Ulus formation, landslide conditioning factors raised from the geological attributes were extracted by implementing Terra ASTER L3A spectral data—SWIR and TIR channels.
Acknowledgements
This study was performed as a part of the joint research project executed by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Geotechnos Co., Ltd. Company, and Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC).
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