PHAODV: Power aware heterogeneous routing protocol for MANETs
Introduction
Mobile devices in a MANET come in different sizes and shapes, have varying transmission/receiving and processing capabilities and could operate across different frequency bands (Chlamtac et al., 2003). They do however have few things in common, they are equipped with powerful processing units capable of running more sophisticated and power demanding applications. They may also have more than one wireless interface of different wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi (Next-Generation Wireless Technology, 2006) and Bluetooth (Chatschik, 2001). This heterogeneity requires the establishment and maintenance of heterogeneous routes throughout the network. Traditional routing protocols such as DSDV (Perkins, 1994) and AODV (Perkins, 1997) showed good performance in MANETs formed of homogeneous nodes; however, these protocols do not provide interoperability support, and as a result, cannot establish heterogeneous route (i.e., route formed of heterogeneous nodes). Also, certain nodes may fall on optimal routes that relate a set of sources to their destinations. The continuous use of these nodes leads to depleting their limited power resources and thus their disappearance from the network, thus affecting the network connectivity and reliability. A scenario is illustrated in Fig. 1 in which node C falls on routes connecting nodes S1, S2 and S3 to destinations D1, D2 and D3 respectively. A power unaware routing algorithm will keep on using node C in all routes (R1, R2, and R3) regardless of its power status, thus leading to depleting its energy and affecting the connectivity between these sources and destinations.
A power aware routing protocol will consider all nodes׳ power during route establishment. Therefore, nodes that have higher power resources are given higher priority to participate in the routing process. Such a protocol should also ensure fair distribution of routing load among the nodes and wisely use all nodes׳ available power to prolong the network lifetime. In this work, which is an extension to our work in Safa et al. (2013), we designed a power aware routing protocol for a heterogeneous nodes-based MANET. The proposed protocol was implemented as an extension to the JIST/SWANS (Jist/Swans Webpage) simulator and tested under various scenarios to evaluate its performance compared to other routing protocols found in the literature such as AODV (Perkins, 1997), HAODV (Safa et al., 2007), OTRP (AlAamri et al., 2009, AlAamri et al., 2013), OTRPHA (AlAamri et al., 2010), and a power aware variation of OLSR (Kunz, 2008).
Section snippets
Related work and background
Previous and recent work on heterogeneous MANET routing protocols have not defined the heterogeneity clearly (AlAamri et al., 2010, Avudainayagam et al., 2003, Clausen and Jacquet, 2003, Fujiwara et al., 2012, Kunz, 2008, Liu et al., 2011, Souto et al., 2012, Stuedi, 2005, Tan et al., 2009, Xie et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2011). For some of them, a heterogeneous network is a network comprising mobile nodes with different energy supplies, different transmission powers, or different data rates (
Power aware heterogenous AODV–PHAODV
In this section, we present the proposed power aware heterogeneous AODV (PHAODV) routing protocol that uses efficiently the energy available in nodes when establishing and maintaining heterogeneous routes in the network. The protocol extends and enhances our work in Safa et al. (2013), which is built on HAODV routing protocol, a previous work of ours (Safa et al., 2007) but not power aware.
HAODV allows heterogeneous nodes in a route regardless of the nodes׳ underlying technology. In this paper,
Simulation results and analysis
We implemented the proposed power_aware heterogeneous routing protocol, PHAODV, as an extension to JIST/SWANS (Jist/Swans Webpage) simulator and compared its performance to that of AODV (Perkins, 1997), HAODV (Safa et al., 2007), EOLSR (Kunz, 2008), OTRP (AlAamri et al., 2009, AlAamri et al., 2013), and OTRPHA (AlAamri et al., 2010).
Conclusion and ongoing work
In this paper, we have proposed a power aware heterogeneous routing protocol that considers the node׳s residual energy and the power costs when establishing heterogeneous routes between nodes. Two thresholds were used by nodes to control further their energy consumption. The first threshold aims at keeping a node aware of the changes in its residual energy and enables it of invalidating routes using it as an intermediate node and thus establishing new routes using up to date information about
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