Rapid performance re-engineering of distributed embedded systems via latency analysis and k-level diagonal search☆

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Abstract

This paper presents a systematic methodology aimed at rapid and cost-effective re-engineering of distributed embedded systems. We define embedded system re-engineering as an analysis and alteration of a legacy system to guarantee newly imposed performance requirements such as throughput and input-to-output latency. Our methodology pinpoints performance bottlenecks of a system and selectively upgrades processing elements at the least cost. Inputs for our methodology include a system design specified by a process network over a set of processing elements and a new throughput requirement. The output is a set of scaling factors that represent the ratios of the performance upgrades for processing elements.

Our methodology works in two steps. First, it estimates the latency of each process and identifies bottleneck processes. Second, it derives a system of constraints with scaling factors being free variables and formulates an optimization problem. Then, it solves the optimization problem for scaling factors with an objective of minimizing upgrade cost. For this methodology, we propose an accurate latency analysis technique for precedence-constrained tasks under preemptive fixed priority scheduling. We also propose a k-level diagonal search algorithm that allows us to trade optimality for search time. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed re-engineering approach.

Section snippets

Jungkeun Park received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea, in 1997 and 1999, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Seoul National University in 2004. He is currently a Research Staff Member at the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Korea. His current research interests include embedded real-time systems design, real-time operating systems, distributed embedded real-time

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    • Jungkeun Park received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea, in 1997 and 1999, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Seoul National University in 2004. He is currently a Research Staff Member at the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Korea. His current research interests include embedded real-time systems design, real-time operating systems, distributed embedded real-time systems, and multimedia systems.

    Minsoo Ryu is currently an Assistant Professor of the College of Information and Communications at the Hanyang University. He received his B.S. degree in Control Engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea in 1995. Dr. Ryu received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Seoul National University in 1997 and 2002, respectively. His research interests include real-time systems design, real-time operating systems, embedded real-time communication protocols. Dr. Ryu has served as a Program Co-Chair of IEEE RTCSA 2005. He has also served on a number of program committees including IEEE RTAS and IEEE RTCSA.

    Seongsoo Hong is currently an Associate Professor of the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Seoul National University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Computer Engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea in 1986 and 1988, respectively. Dr. Hong received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1994. His current research interests include embedded real-time systems design, real-time operating systems, embedded middleware, and software tools and environments for embedded real-time systems. Dr. Hong has served as a Program Committee Co-Chair of IEEE RTAS 2005, RTCSA 2003, IEEE ISORC 2002, and ACM LCTES 2001. He has served on numerous program committees including IEEE RTSS and ACM OOPSLA. He is currently a member of the ACM LCTES and RTCSA Steering Committee.

    Lucia Lo Bello is an Assistant Professor at the Engineering Faculty of the University of Catania, Italy. She is the head of the Real-Time Systems and Networks laboratory at the University. She received her MD in Electronic Engineering (1994) and Ph.D. in Computer Engineering (1998), both from the University of Catania. Prof. Lo Bello has served on a number of program committees of distinguished international conferences in the area of real-time systems and factory communication. She also was a Workshop Chair for RTLIA 03, General Chair of ECRTS 04 and Program Co-Chair for ETFA 05. Her research interests include real-time scheduling, stochastic analysis of real-time systems, embedded systems, real-time communication in factory automation, wireless networks and sensor networks. She is a member of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Technical Committee SC65C, Working Group 11, Real-Time Industrial Ethernet (RTE) — actively involved in the standardization activity. Since 1994, Prof. Lo Bello authored or co-authored more than 55 technical papers published on international conferences, books and journals in the area of real-time systems, factory communication and distributed systems. She is Co-Chair of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IES) Subcommittee on Intelligent Sensors and Sensor Networks in Industrial & Factory Automation.

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    The work reported in this paper was supported in part by MOST under the National Research Laboratory (NRL) Grant M1-9911-00-0120, by the Institute of Computer Technology (ICT), by the Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), and by the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-2003-T). An earlier version of this paper appeared in preliminary form in the Proceedings of IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (December 2001).

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