Original ArticlesNonlinear bi-integrable couplings with Hamiltonian structures
Introduction
Zero curvature equations associated with semisimple Lie algebras generate typical soliton equations such as the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation [2]. In the case of non-semisimple Lie algebras, zero curvature equations result in integrable couplings of soliton equations [23], [24], and the perturbation equations generalizing the symmetry equations are examples of integrable couplings [20], [9]. There are very rich mathematical structures behind integrable couplings [20], [9], [36], [31], [34] and the study of integrable couplings provide clues towards complete classification of multicomponent integrable equations [20], [9], [10].
The variational identity on general loop algebras presents Hamiltonian structures for the associated integrable couplings [18], [13], [16]. Based on special semi-direct sums of Lie algebras, Lax pairs of block form and with several spectral parameters bring diverse interesting integrable couplings with Hamiltonian structures [9], [28], [29]. A key to construct Hamiltonian structures by the variational identity is the existence of non-degenerate, symmetric and ad-invariant bilinear forms on the underlying Lie algebras.
Let us consider an integrable evolution equationwhere u is a column vector of dependent variables. Assume that it has a zero curvature representation [3]:where the Lax pair [6], U and V, belongs to a matrix loop algebra, let us say, g, i.e.,An integrable coupling of Eq. (1.1) (see [20], [9] for definition):is called nonlinear, if is nonlinear with respect to the sub-vector of dependent variables [26], [17]. An integrable system of the formis called a bi-integrable coupling of Eq. (1.1). Note that in (1.5), S1 does not depend on , and the whole system is of triangular form. In this paper, we would like to explore some mathematical structures of Lie algebras and zero curvature equations, to construct bi-integrable couplings and their Hamiltonian structures by using the variational identity associated with the enlarged Lax pairs.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, a kind of matrix Lie algebras will be introduced. Zero curvature equations on the resulting Lie algebras present bi-integrable couplings of soliton equations. In Section 3, an application to the AKNS soliton hierarchy will be made to generate nonlinear bi-integrable couplings and the corresponding variational identity yields Hamiltonian structures for the obtained integrable couplings. An important step in constructing Hamiltonian structures is to find non-degenerate, symmetric and ad-invariant bilinear forms on the underlying Lie algebras. In the last section, a few of concluding remarks will be given, along with discussion on a particular bi-integrable coupling.
Section snippets
Matrix Lie algebras and bi-integrable couplings
Let α be an arbitrary fixed constant, which could be zero. To generate bi-integrable couplings, we introduce a kind of block matriceswhere Ai = Ai(λ), 1 ≤ i ≤ 3, are square matrices of the same order, depending on the free parameter λ. Obviously, we have the matrix commutator relationwithThis closure property implies that all block matrices defined by (2.1) form a
AKNS hierarchy
The spectral matrixgenerates the AKNS hierarchy of soliton equations [1] (see also [35]). There are other integrable equations associated with gl(2) (see, e.g., [37]). Once settingthe stationary zero curvature equation Wx = [U, W] givesTaking the initial data asand assuming ai|u=0 = bi|u=0 = ci|u=0 = 0, i ≥ 1 (equivalently selecting constants of
Concluding remarks
We have introduced a class of Lie algebras consisting of specific block matrices, and presented a computational paradigm for construction of nonlinear bi-integrable couplings, starting from those suggested Lie algebras. The variational identity on the adopted Lie algebras was used to construct Hamiltonian structures of the resulting bi-integrable couplings. An application to the AKNS spectral problem resulted in a hierarchy of nonlinear bi-integrable Hamiltonian couplings for the AKNS
Acknowledgments
The work was supported in part by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10971136, 10831003, 61072147 and 11071159), Chunhui Plan of the Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Innovation Project (Grant No. T200905), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (No. J50101).
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