Elsevier

Physical Communication

Volume 24, September 2017, Pages 19-33
Physical Communication

Full length article
A spectrum handoff scheme for optimal network selection in Cognitive Radio vehicular networks: A game theoretic auction theory approach

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2017.04.001Get rights and content

Abstract

The recent strides in vehicular networks have emerged as a convergence of multi radio access networks having different user preferences, multiple application requirements and multiple device types. In future Cognitive Radio (CR) vehicular networks deployment, multiple radio access networks may coexist in the overlapping areas having different characteristics in terms of multiple attributes. Hence, it becomes a challenge for CR vehicular node to select the optimal network for the spectrum handoff decision. A game theoretic auction theory approach is interdisciplinary effective approach to select the optimal network for spectrum handoff. The competition between different CR vehicular node and access networks can be formulated as multi-bidder bidding to provide its services to CR vehicular node. The game theory is the branch of applied mathematics which make intelligent decision to select the optimal alternative from predetermined alternatives. Hence, this paper investigates a spectrum handoff scheme for optimal network selection using game theoretic auction theory approach in CR vehicular networks. The paper has also proposed a new cost function based multiple attribute decision making method which outperforms other existing methods. Numerical results revel that the proposed scheme is effective for spectrum handoff for optimal network selection among multiple available networks.

Introduction

One of the major challenges for today’s wireless communication is the exponential growth in wireless networking  [1], [2]. According to Cisco, the mobile data traffics are expected to have eightfold increase from 2015–20  [3]. There is a rapid progression in number of vehicles on the road with their communication applications. The exponential growth in vehicular communications may lead to the overcrowding of the allocated spectrum bands. It has raised the demand for the extra spectrum bands to improve the spectral efficiency for improving vehicular communications. It is difficult to find separate vacant spectrum to accommodate the growing demands. The only feasible way is to exploit the potential of existing spectrum by improving the spectrum efficiency of wireless system. Thanks to the new regulations  [4] to open up licensed underutilized radio spectrum to use it opportunistically, and for which Cognitive Radio (CR) technology has been introduced. CR technology introduced by Mitola III in 1999  [5], [6], [7], is a key enabling technology to use underutilized spectrum by dynamic spectrum access. CR networks are receiving high attention from the research community to overcome the radio spectrum scarcity problem, as well as to improve the communication efficiency  [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. Hence, it is envisioned that the future vehicular communications will be CR enabled which can use underutilized spectrum opportunities to improve vehicular communication efficiency  [13], [14]. The dynamic usage of underutilized spectrum can be done by spectrum handoff decision  [15], [16], [10]. Fig. 1 presents the system model showing different types of spectrum handoff in CR vehicular networks. It is shown that the intra-network spectrum handoff takes place within the same radio access technology whereas inter-network spectrum handoff takes place between the heterogeneous radio access technologies. It is shown that some CR vehicular nodes are connected with one radio access technology and some are connected with multiple radio access technologies. When CR vehicular node is connected with multiple radio access technologies, then it is not easy for it to select the optimal network for the spectrum handoff decision. Fig. 1 also shows the convergence of multi radio access networks having different user preferences, multiple application requirements and multiple device types. Hence, it becomes a complex decision for CR vehicular node to select the optimal network for the spectrum handoff decision among multiple radio access networks. As Fig. 1 shows that the complexity features make the wireless system analogue to the real market which has various participants in the system transacting commodities (e.g. unutilized spectrum bands) under certain regulations (e.g. CR vehicular node communication applications). Therefore, economics and business management approaches  [17], [18] are found to be very effective to solve the radio resource management issues in wireless system. The components of wireless system can be categorized into four main groups such as buyers/tenderees, sellers/bidders, auctioneers and commodities for an application service. The buyers are the analogue to CR vehicular nodes that have to purchase commodities for an application service from the sellers (primary networks). The auctioneers can be any entity from the wireless system that controls and conducts the auction process. The auction process can be applied in centralized and/or distributed manner. A game theoretic auction theory approach, as a subfield of economics and business management provides useful tool to model, analyze, and optimized radio resource management in CR vehicular networks environment  [19], [18], [20].

Therefore, this paper investigates a spectrum handoff scheme for optimal network selection using game theoretic auction theory approach in CR vehicular networks. The paper makes the following research contributions.

  • Proposed a spectrum handoff scheme for optimal network selection based on game theoretic auction theory approach.

  • Proposed a new cost function based multiple attribute decision making method which outperforms other existing methods.

  • The scheme provides wider and optimum choice among available multiple networks considering CR vehicular node preferences.

  • The proposed scheme provides joint resource auction that is flexible for its adaption for different types of CR vehicular nodes, and multiple networks availability scenarios.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section  2 presents the related works. Section  3 presents mapping of game theoretic auction theory approach to CR vehicular networks. The mathematical modeling of the proposed work is done in Section  4. The proposed spectrum handoff scheme is presented in Section  5 and numerically evaluated in Section  6. Finally, the concluding remark and future works are given in Section  7.

Section snippets

Related works

Recently, we have provided a comprehensive survey work on spectrum handoff schemes in CR networks  [10]. It shows that the spectrum handoff is one of the major challenging issue in CR networks that requires the attention of the research community. At present, there is no literature available for spectrum handoff schemes in CR vehicular networks using game theoretic auction theory approach. However, there are only limited studies partially addressing this issue.

Zhang et al.  [18], [20] advocate

Mapping of game theoretic auction theory approach to CR vehicular networks

The game theoretic auction theory is a subfield of economic and business management. The game theoretic auction theory is a process of buy/sell commodities which is well researched in both economics and engineering areas. An ideal objective of an auction mechanism as a game is to analyze the dominant strategy for purchasing commodity for a particular service. The dominant strategy will provide the optimal network to the CR vehicular node according to its preferences. Fig. 2 shows the mapped

Mathematical modeling

The game theoretic auction theory process is a market dealing process in which tenderee proposes the conditions for purchasing commodities or services. The tenderee invites the bidders to bid for bidding the commodities under the given procedure. Fig. 3 shows the game theoretic auction theory approach in three phases. Table 2 shows the summary of main notations used in paper.

Proposed spectrum handoff scheme

This section presents and discuss the proposed spectrum handoff scheme. The proposed spectrum handoff scheme is sketched in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 shows that the process of spectrum handoff is divided into three phase, it is shown into different modules. It consists of the following steps:

  • 1.

    In phase 1 module, the multiple attributes information is collected from tenderee and bidders. This is joint resource auction to get information from tenderee and bidders.

  • 2.

    In phase module 2,

    • (a)

      The multiple attributes are

Results and discussion

This section numerically evaluates the applicability of the proposed spectrum handoff scheme. In Section  6.1, the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is done using reverse auction one shot bidding. In Section  6.2, the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme when CR vehicular node is moving at different speed. The concept of the cooperative game theoretic auction theory approach for the proposed scheme is evaluated in Section  6.3. For this, a CR vehicular heterogeneous network

Conclusion

This paper has proposed a spectrum handoff scheme for optimal network selection using game theoretic auction theory approach in CR vehicular networks using multiple attributes decision making. The bidding price game model is used for the estimation of the bid value and expected payoff for the bidders. It has used existing SAW, GRA, Cost Function-I schemes to estimate the bidding cost value for the different non-safety services. The paper also proposed a new Cost Function-II scheme which

Krishan Kumar received his Ph.D. degree from Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India under Quality Improvement Programme (QIP) scheme supported by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) New Delhi, Government of India. He has received M.Tech. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India in 2005. Currently, is working as an Assistant Professor,

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    Arun Prakash received his B.E. degree from Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MJP Rohilkhand University, India in 2001, M.Tech. degree in Digital Communication from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India in 2006 and Ph.D. from Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India in 2011. He was a Visiting Research Scholar at the University of Waterloo, Canada during September 2008 to February 2009. Presently, he is working as an Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India. His research interests are in the area of wireless and mobile networks, with emphasis on IP level mobility management.

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