Full length articlePulse parity modulation for impulse radio UWB transmission based on non-coherent detection
Introduction
In recent years, Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio technology has been a central investigation topic for many researchers in wireless community. Thanks to the extremely broad bandwidth, UWB has certain potential advantages like high transmission rate capability, very good time and spatial resolution, communication security, robustness against multi-path effects, in addition to the low power dissipation [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. These salient features make UWB an appropriate candidate for numerous application scenarios, such as local and wide area networks, vehicular radar, biomedical engineering, sensor networks, and indoor communications [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]. UWB free-space propagation is limited to short distances, due to the power and spectral constraints of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) [14], [15]. The latter has authorized UWB operation in the [3.1,10.6] GHz frequency range, where the emitted power must not exceed −41.3 dBm/MHz, in order to ensure a non-problematic coexistence with other wireless devices [15]. Impulse Radio (IR) is a particular UWB technique, based on transmitting nanosecond pulses occupying the desired frequency band; IR is a carrier-free scheme which reduces the system cost and complexity [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]. Several IR modulation options have been investigated in the literature, mainly the Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), On Off Keying (OOK), Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), and Pulse Shape Modulation (PSM), besides combining different techniques [2], [25], [26], [27]. Non-coherent impulse radio approach is gaining popularity, as associated with a simple transceiver architecture and no need for a channel estimation [28], [29], [30], [31], [32]. OOK and PPM are mostly employed with IR, the former can operate at a high data rate and acceptable bit error rate (BER); whereas the latter is associated with a better error performance, but the time shifting required has a main drawback against bit rate, which is actually half that for OOK [2]. In this manuscript, we explore a new modulation concept which enhances the error performance without significantly degrading the symbol rate. The novelty of our work originates from taking advantage of an opposite parity, so as to modulate binary data. By employing even and odd pulses belonging to Gaussian Derivative family, we obtain a substantial reduction in the probability of error compared to OOK and PPM non-coherent alternatives, while achieving a higher transmission speed than PPM.
Section snippets
Principle of Pulse Parity Modulation
The authors of [33] exploit the benefits of even and odd pulses to reduce the impact of inter symbol interference in multi-path channels, as a de-correlation is satisfied between each 2 consecutive symbols due to the opposite parity. In this work, we introduce a new modulation scheme based on changing the parity of transmitted waveforms versus data, so even or odd pulses correspond to bit “1” or bit “0” respectively. Notice that: For even time signal: , For odd: .
Analytical formula of the power spectrum
The spectral characteristics for any impulse radio modulation technique have to be considered, as they determine the compliance with the emission constraints of regulatory bodies. Hereinafter, we develop the analytical expression of the power spectral density (PSD) for the novel modulation scheme, based on the approach proposed in [34].
A parity modulated signal with a fixed frame , based on even () and odd () pulses can be expressed as: where
Finding the best value of pulse shaping factor used with parity modulation
Our purpose now is to design the spectrum while targeting a fine compatibility with the FCC standard. Let us denote the continuous term by : depends on , , and ; the term has not been considered, as it is a constant and has no impact on spectral characteristics. is assigned to be , while is the compensating factor against the change in the pulse energy due to time derivation, as the energy per symbol has to be
BER analytical expression in an AWGN channel
In this section, we develop the analytical formula of the bit error rate in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. Let us present signals in discrete form, as bit error rate measuring is eventually done by simulations. Denote by the symbol duration, is the received pulse within a time interval of , the left and right halves truncated are denoted by and respectively: is the result of cross correlation shown in
BER simulation results in an AWGN channel
Fig. 4 illustrates the advantage of this new modulation format comparing to other non-coherent schemes, such as On Off Keying and Pulse Position Modulation operating at 2 Gbps and 1 Gbps respectively. The low data rate of PPM is due to the fact that an orthogonal PPM is based on energy detection, so the time shift equals the pulse period, and consequently the symbol duration becomes twice the original. Parity modulation can operate at 2 Gbps with a lower probability of error, the improvement is
Advanced parity modulation for multi-path environments
The existing parity detector is based on studying the symmetry properties of received waveforms, thus it may not be robust to multi-path effects, since the pulse symmetry is influenced by any change in the signal dynamics. Therefore, an advanced parity modulation has been investigated to improve the anti-fading capability, we modified the detection process in a way that reduces the dependency on channel characteristics. Our approach originates from exploiting the benefits of the transmitted
BER performance of advanced parity modulation in multi-path channels
Fig. 8 studies the error rate probability for all modulation scenarios in AWGN versus Rayleigh fading channel, while taking into account different orders of multi-path (10, 15, 20, 25, 30). A general performance degradation is obtained with channel fading, especially for high multi-path orders. It could be concluded that parity modulation is the dominant alternative in comparison to other non-coherent schemes in AWGN and dense multi-path environments. The channel is assumed to be time
Conclusion
In this manuscript, we investigate a new modulation technique for non-coherent impulse radio UWB transmission using all analog means. The modulation concept relies on changing the parity of transmitted waveforms to symbolize different binary data. The analytical formula of the power spectral density has been primarily derived, besides that we designed the spectrum by considering the applied pulses and corresponding time domain properties. A good compliance with FCC mask has been achieved using
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Haidar Taki: Investigation, Methodology, Software. Ali Mansour: Supervision. Stephane Azou: Writing - review & editing. Abbass Nasser: Conceptualization. Koffi Yao: Conceptualization.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Haidar Taki was born in 1989. He received the master degree in communications from the Lebanese University, Faulty of Sciences (Beirut) in 2013. He also received the Ph.D. degree from the Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Brest (France) in collaboration with the Lebanese University in 2017. Currently, he is in a postdoc position collaborated between the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Techniques Avancees (ENSTA)-Bretagne (Brest, France), and the American University of Culture & Education (Beirut,
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Haidar Taki was born in 1989. He received the master degree in communications from the Lebanese University, Faulty of Sciences (Beirut) in 2013. He also received the Ph.D. degree from the Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Brest (France) in collaboration with the Lebanese University in 2017. Currently, he is in a postdoc position collaborated between the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Techniques Avancees (ENSTA)-Bretagne (Brest, France), and the American University of Culture & Education (Beirut, Lebanon). His research interests include Ultra Wideband wireless communications and signal processing.