The effect of information types on diagnostic strategies in the information aid
Introduction
In nuclear power plants (NPPs), the operator's actions must always be based on identification of the operational state of the system. To identify the state means to give it a name, that is, to label it in terms that will refer either to the functional state of the system, to the cause of this functional state, or, directly, to the related control action [1]. Diagnosis is a prerequisite task for initiating operating procedures that describe predefined steps and is usually carried out in main control rooms (MCRs) in order to correct the faults. In NPPs, identifying the cause of the plant state takes priority over producing compensatory actions, since the operating procedure already contains the actions that should be performed if an operator selects the correct procedure. Because operators know the appropriate response for a given causality well, most difficulties in NPP operation result from an inability to identify the nature of the problem [2]. As witnessed in the TMI accident [3], [4], operator misdiagnoses and incorrect situation awareness may contribute to the propagation or occurrence of accidents.
As the capabilities of modern computers in processing and information presentation have increased, modern computer techniques have been introduced into the design of advanced MCRs of NPPs [5]. The advance in the technology made it possible to improve operator diagnosis and situation awareness. The approaches can be categorized into direct and indirect supports. The indirect support is to improve the graphic displays of MCRs. This approach involves the improvement of integrated graphic displays, configural displays [6], and ecological interface design [7], [8], [9], [10]. The direct support is to develop decision support systems. These include intelligent advisors, alarm systems, computer-based procedures, fault diagnostic systems, and computerized operator support systems (COSSs), which are based on expert systems or knowledge-based systems. The main purpose of these approaches is information aiding, which supplies useful information to the human problem solving [11]. The computer may enhance the human diagnostic performance by supplying relevant information.
Strategy in human decision-making is defined as a sequence of mental and effector (action on the environment) operations used to transform an initial state of knowledge into a final goal state of knowledge [12]. When a diagnosis task is regarded as what an operator should do, diagnostic strategies can be viewed as the way the operator actually performs the diagnosis task. The informational need of a diagnostician may change according to the strategy that he/she currently employs. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the unique needs of each strategy to create computer-based support.
This paper investigates the effects of information aid types on the diagnostic strategies through experiments. The main purpose of this paper is to identify which type of information aid is useful for a specific strategy. The experimental results show statistically that the hypothesis that the effects of information aid types on diagnosis performance would differ according to the strategies that subjects employ is plausible. This paper also provides discussions on the application of the results to actual plants. Four different types of information aids that are representative features of direct support systems for MCR operators were used for the experiments: (1) no aid, (2) alarm, (3) hypothesis with certainty factor, and (4) hypothesis with certainty factor+symptom patterns. The diagnostic strategy taxonomy proposed by Rasmussen [1], [13] was used for strategy categorization, in particular, the symptomatic search.
Section snippets
Diagnostic strategy
Payne et al. defined decision strategies in human decision-making as a sequence of mental and effector (action on the environment) operations used to transform an initial state of knowledge into a final goal state of knowledge [12]. From the perspective of a cognitive work analysis [14], [15], if tasks or control tasks are the goals that need to be achieved, independently of how they are to be achieved or by whom, strategies can be defined as the generative mechanisms by which a particular task
Objective
This paper aims to investigate the impact of information aiding types on diagnostic strategies through experiment. The following hypothesis and interrogation are tested in the experiments.
- (1)
The effect of information aiding types would be different according to the diagnostic strategies. That is, an information type would be effective for a diagnostic strategy and not for other strategies.
- (2)
Which type of information is useful as an aid for a specific strategy?
In addition, the change in selection of
Analysis of the results
The results of the work indicate that the first hypothesis in Section 3.1, that the effects of information aid types would vary, dependent on the strategies subjects employ, was verified. For the second hypothesis, in summary, for the pattern recognition strategy (Problem 7), there was no significant difference between the three aiding types (that is, A, H, and HS aids) and N aid. For the decision table strategy (Problems 1, 4, and 5), there was no significant difference between the four aiding
Conclusions
This paper presented a strategy-based evaluation of the effects of information aiding types on the diagnosis performance. Four types of information aiding elicited from typical direct support systems of NPPs were evaluated. The effects of these information aiding types were investigated through experiments. The experimental results were then analyzed based on subject strategies. The experiments show that the effects of information aiding types can vary according to the strategies. The results
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by “The National Research Laboratory Program” of MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology), Korea.
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