Review
Review of studies on the resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106617Get rights and content

Highlights

  • We review the literatures on the six urban critical infrastructure networks (CINs).

  • For the six CINs, the resilience definitions, hazard categories, methodologies, and enhanced measures are summarized in detail.

  • The research challenges and future directions are presented.

Abstract

With the rise of the resilience concept, scholars and practitioners have paid increasing attention to resilient city, which has become a new means of coping with hazards. As the cornerstone of modern cities, urban critical infrastructure networks (CINs) are prerequisites for resilient cities due to the huge economic losses and social impacts caused by their incapacities. In recent years, researches on the resilience of CINs have considerably increased, resulting in various resilience definitions, approaches, and enhanced strategies. This work reviews literature on six CINs, namely, water, drainage, gas, transportation, electric, and communication networks. The resilience definitions, hazard categories, methodologies, and enhanced measures for each CIN are analyzed in detail. Research challenges and future directions are also presented.

Introduction

Several natural and human-induced hazards in the early 21st century and their resulting losses make people realize the importance of resilience to a city. The term resilience originated from the Latin word “resiliere” (meaning “bounce back”) and was first used in academic research by Holloing [1]. The resilience of a city generally refers to its capacity to adapt to changing conditions and withstand and rapidly recover from disruption due to emergencies [2]. In recent years, the construction and academic studies on resilient cities have attracted global attention, which is further enhanced by the “100 Resilient Cities” project pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation [3].

As the arteries of modern cities, critical infrastructures are the cornerstones of resilient cities because their incapacities or destructions will exert debilitating impacts on security, economy, public health or safety, environment, or any combination of these factors [4]. Among the 16 critical infrastructure sectors outlined in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan [4], our study focuses on the resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks (CINs), which refer to water distribution networks (WDNs), drainage distribution networks (DDNs), gas distribution networks (GDNs), transportation networks (TNs), electric distribution networks (EDNs), and communication distribution networks (CDNs). Different from other critical infrastructures, these CINs are distributed in a large area in the form of networks and are thus vulnerable to various hazards and difficult to recover. For example, after the Kobe Earthquake, 1610 main water pipes suffered from serious damages, which led to 1.1 million people to experience water shortages. A week later, only one-third damages were repaired, and the entire recovery lasted three months [5]. In another example, approximately 50 million people were affected and 61,800 MW of electric load were lost in the large-scale blackout that occurred in the United States and Canada on August 14, 2003. Power recovery in the United States took more than four days, and the blackout resulted in a total economic loss of approximate 4–10 billion dollars [6]. Given this background, the resilience of urban CINs has attracted substantial attention in recent years, leading to an increasing number of studies on the subject. Herein, an exhaustive review of these studies is conducted to provide enlightenment on resilience analysis and practices to relevant scholars and CIN operators. Note that there are many review articles on resilience, which may focus on the resilience concepts and definitions ([7], [8], [9]), a single system ([10], [11], [12], [13], [14]), or general systems ([15], [16]). Compared to them, this study pays more attention on the CINs in urban area due to their strong geographical and function correlations to provide supports for the local decision-makers.

This paper is divided into five sections. Section 2 introduces the study scope and principles in selecting the studies. Section 3 analyzes the collected studies in detail for different CINs, including resilience definitions, hazard categories, methodologies, and enhanced strategies. Section 4 identifies challenges and provides future research directions. Section 5 concludes this work.

Section snippets

Study scope

The following guidelines of selecting articles are set to narrow the study scope and provide valuable insights into the research progress on the resilience of six CINs.

  • (1) Resilience is an essential keyword. Therefore, articles that are unrelated to resilience are excluded. In search, the title, abstract, and keywords of one article are used to judge whether it is related to resilience. In addition, the full text is also reviewed to make the final sort.

  • (2) Urban area is a geographical

Review of literature on CINs

This section reviews the research progress on the resilience of the six CINs. All articles dedicated to each CIN are organized according to their research methods to reveal their connections and distinctions.

Discussions

Future research challenges and directions are discussed in this section.

Conclusions

Urban CINs exert vital impacts on the normal operation of modern cities as a whole. However, they are vulnerable to various natural and human-induced hazards due to large-scale network characteristics. By combining the hazard background with the emerging concepts of resilience and resilient cities, researchers have increasingly emphasized resilience research on CINs, leading to the growing literature quantity in such a field.

A comprehensive literature review of six CINs, namely, WDNs, DDNs,

Acknowledgement

The support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51720105005) is greatly appreciated.

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