ReviewReview of studies on the resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks
Introduction
Several natural and human-induced hazards in the early 21st century and their resulting losses make people realize the importance of resilience to a city. The term resilience originated from the Latin word “resiliere” (meaning “bounce back”) and was first used in academic research by Holloing [1]. The resilience of a city generally refers to its capacity to adapt to changing conditions and withstand and rapidly recover from disruption due to emergencies [2]. In recent years, the construction and academic studies on resilient cities have attracted global attention, which is further enhanced by the “100 Resilient Cities” project pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation [3].
As the arteries of modern cities, critical infrastructures are the cornerstones of resilient cities because their incapacities or destructions will exert debilitating impacts on security, economy, public health or safety, environment, or any combination of these factors [4]. Among the 16 critical infrastructure sectors outlined in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan [4], our study focuses on the resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks (CINs), which refer to water distribution networks (WDNs), drainage distribution networks (DDNs), gas distribution networks (GDNs), transportation networks (TNs), electric distribution networks (EDNs), and communication distribution networks (CDNs). Different from other critical infrastructures, these CINs are distributed in a large area in the form of networks and are thus vulnerable to various hazards and difficult to recover. For example, after the Kobe Earthquake, 1610 main water pipes suffered from serious damages, which led to 1.1 million people to experience water shortages. A week later, only one-third damages were repaired, and the entire recovery lasted three months [5]. In another example, approximately 50 million people were affected and 61,800 MW of electric load were lost in the large-scale blackout that occurred in the United States and Canada on August 14, 2003. Power recovery in the United States took more than four days, and the blackout resulted in a total economic loss of approximate 4–10 billion dollars [6]. Given this background, the resilience of urban CINs has attracted substantial attention in recent years, leading to an increasing number of studies on the subject. Herein, an exhaustive review of these studies is conducted to provide enlightenment on resilience analysis and practices to relevant scholars and CIN operators. Note that there are many review articles on resilience, which may focus on the resilience concepts and definitions ([7], [8], [9]), a single system ([10], [11], [12], [13], [14]), or general systems ([15], [16]). Compared to them, this study pays more attention on the CINs in urban area due to their strong geographical and function correlations to provide supports for the local decision-makers.
This paper is divided into five sections. Section 2 introduces the study scope and principles in selecting the studies. Section 3 analyzes the collected studies in detail for different CINs, including resilience definitions, hazard categories, methodologies, and enhanced strategies. Section 4 identifies challenges and provides future research directions. Section 5 concludes this work.
Section snippets
Study scope
The following guidelines of selecting articles are set to narrow the study scope and provide valuable insights into the research progress on the resilience of six CINs.
(1) Resilience is an essential keyword. Therefore, articles that are unrelated to resilience are excluded. In search, the title, abstract, and keywords of one article are used to judge whether it is related to resilience. In addition, the full text is also reviewed to make the final sort.
(2) Urban area is a geographical
Review of literature on CINs
This section reviews the research progress on the resilience of the six CINs. All articles dedicated to each CIN are organized according to their research methods to reveal their connections and distinctions.
Discussions
Future research challenges and directions are discussed in this section.
Conclusions
Urban CINs exert vital impacts on the normal operation of modern cities as a whole. However, they are vulnerable to various natural and human-induced hazards due to large-scale network characteristics. By combining the hazard background with the emerging concepts of resilience and resilient cities, researchers have increasingly emphasized resilience research on CINs, leading to the growing literature quantity in such a field.
A comprehensive literature review of six CINs, namely, WDNs, DDNs,
Acknowledgement
The support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51720105005) is greatly appreciated.
References (163)
- et al.
A metric and frameworks for resilience analysis of engineered and infrastructure systems
Reliab Eng Syst Saf
(2014) - et al.
Resilience theory incorporated into urban wastewater systems management. state of the art
Water Res
(2017) - et al.
A review of definitions and measures of system resilience
Reliab Eng Syst Saf
(2016) - et al.
A systematic literature review of resilience engineering: research areas and a research agenda proposal
Reliab Eng Syst Saf
(2015) Looped water distribution networks design using a resilience index based heuristic approach
Urban Water J
(2000)- et al.
Experimental investigation of resilience and pressure management in water distribution networks
Procedia Eng
(2015) - et al.
Hydraulic resilience index for the critical link analysis of multi-feed water distribution networks
- et al.
Resilience enhancing expansion strategies for water distribution systems: a network theory approach
Environ Modell Softw
(2011) - et al.
Topological attributes of network resilience: a study in water distribution systems
Water Res
(2018) - et al.
Resilience and vulnerability in urban water distribution networks through network theory and hydraulic simulation
Global resilience analysis of water distribution systems
Water Res
A global analysis approach for investigating structural resilience in urban drainage systems
Water Res
Technologic resilience assessment of coastal community water and wastewater service options
Sust Water Quality Ecol
Developing a multi-scale modeling system for resilience assessment of green-grey drainage infrastructures under climate change and sea level rise impact
Environ Modell Softw
Enhancing future resilience in urban drainage system: green versus grey infrastructure
Water Res
Considerations about the optimal period range to evaluate the weight coefficient of coupled resilience index
Eng Struct
Assessing the effectiveness of green infrastructures on urban flooding reduction: a community scale study
Ecol Model
A methodology for risk-based inspection planning of oil and gas pipes based on fuzzy logic framework
Eng Failure Anal
Seismic vulnerability of natural gas pipelines
Reliab Eng Syst Saf
Comparison study on qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods for urban natural gas pipeline network
J Hazard Mater
Empirically quantifying city-scale transportation system resilience to extreme events
Transp Res Pt C-Emerg Technol
Resilience-based risk mitigation for road networks
Struct Saf
Vulnerability and resilience of transport systems - A discussion of recent research
Transp Res Pt A-Policy Pract
An introduction to road vulnerability what has been done
Transp Policy
Road network vulnerability analysis: conceptualization, implementation and application
Comput Environ Urban Syst
Network resilience for transport security: some methodological considerations
Transp Policy
Transport resilience and vulnerability: the role of connectivity
Transp Res Pt A-Policy Pract
Assessing the role of network topology in transportation network resilience
J Transp Geogr
Transportation security and the role of resilience: a foundation for operational metrics
Transp Policy
Review on modeling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems
Reliab Eng Syst Saf
Framework for improving the resilience and recovery of transportation networks under geohazard risks
Int J Disaster Risk Reduct
Improving regional road network resilience by optimised traffic guidance
Transportmetrica A
Resilience of traffic networks: from perturbation to recovery via a dynamic restricted equilibrium model
Reliab Eng Syst Saf
Resilience and stability of ecological systems
Annu Rev Ecol Systemat
National infrastructure protection plan: partnering to enhance protection and resiliency
Lifeline earthquake engineering-basic methods and applications
Resilience: the concept, a literature review and future directions
Int. J Prod Res
The concept of resilience revisited editor
Disasters
On some recent definitions and analysis frameworks for risk, vulnerability, and resilience
Risk Anal
Measuring the performance of transportation infrastructure systems in disasters: a comprehensive review
J Infrastruct Syst
A methodology for road traffic resilience analysis and review of related concepts
Transportmetrica A
A systematic review of quantitative resilience measures for water infrastructure systems
Water (Basel)
Water supply and drainage network systems
Multiobjective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks
J Water Resour Plan Manage-ASCE
Performance-based optimal design and rehabilitation of water distribution networks using life cycle costing
Water Resour Res
The combined use of resilience and loop diameter uniformity as a good indirect measure of network reliability
Urban Water J
Resilience and entropy as indices of robustness of water distribution networks
J Hydroinform
Cited by (163)
Assessing and mapping urban ecological resilience using the loss-gain approach: A case study of Tehran, Iran
2024, Sustainable Cities and SocietyBuilding green infrastructure for mitigating urban flood risk in Beijing, China
2024, Urban Forestry and Urban GreeningLink criticality index: Refinement, framework extension, and a case study
2024, Reliability Engineering and System SafetyNetwork Resilience: Definitions, approaches, and applications
2024, Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information SciencesResilience assessment and planning in power distribution systems: Past and future considerations
2024, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews