In search of computer-aided social support in non-communicable diseases care
Introduction
In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined the noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century health (WHO, 2014). Among other factors that led WHO to make this decision is the high death rate of those conditions. Only in 2012, the NCDs accounted for 68% of global deaths, and 40% of these deaths are considered premature. That is, deaths of individuals under 70 years old.
Most chronic diseases are caused by habit, such as a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, among others, that result in “metabolic/physiological changes”, such as high blood pressure, over- weight and obesity. Both habits and the results of these habits make up the risk factors that must be controlled in order to prevent cases of those diseases (WHO, 2005).
Treatment of NCDs should be continuous, since most of these diseases have no cure. Thus, patients must be aware of their condition, follow the treatment determined by their physician and learn how to act when necessary. Even so, just the engagement of patients is not enough to cope with the challenges related to their care. Sometimes, patients may not have the confidence to perform certain activities and need someone experienced to aid in their care (Wagner et al., 2001, Wagner and Grove, 2002, Bodenheimer et al., 2002). In this case, the participation of healthcare organizations, family, and community members in the assistance activities of these diseases is fundamental. These entities form the network of social relations of the patient (social network) (Barnes, 1954).
Social network has an important role in health as it regulates access to resources and opportunities to its members, as well as models their behavior, which may be of higher or lower risk. Hence, social support is the ability of that social network in alleviating the harmful effects caused by stress and other health risks through the provision of material, emotional and informational resources, and in the influence of behaviors such as eating, practicing physical activities, drug use and seeking medical follow-up (House et al., 1988).
Researches about the influence of the social environment on health are not new, being already addressed by Emile Durkheim in the nineteenth century. Durkheim contributed significantly with his studies on the weight of the social effect on individuals’ morbidity. In his study on suicide, Durkeheim analyzed particularly the influence that society has on the decision of an individual to commit suicide (Durkheim, 1897, Berkman et al., 2000). More recently, Christakis and Fowler used Framingham Heart Study (Framingham Heart Study, 2016) data to investigate the influence of social networking in individuals health. They found evidences of social network influence in weight gain (Christakis and Fowler, 2007), smoking cessation (Christakis and Fowler, 2008) and in the feeling of happiness (Fowler and Christakis, 2008).
Computing has been applied to support health care for decades. However, it is not clear how computing can aid and improve social support in NCDs care. Hence, the goal of this paper is to clarify this matter by the conduction of a mapping study that aims at understanding the current state of computer aided social support in NCDs care. Thus, this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we show how the mapping study was assembled and executed. Results regarding the study are presented in Section 3. In Section 4 we discuss about the obtained results. Finally, in Section 5, we present our final remarks about this work.
Section snippets
Material and methods
As a way to investigate how computing can aid social support on NCDs care, this paper will use systematic mapping study as methodology for its literature review (Budgen et al., 2008, Petersen et al., 2015, Cooper, 2016). Systematic mapping study, as systematic literature review (SLR), are types of systematic review. Even though systematic reviews are not frequently used in computing, they are widely recognized and applied in other areas such as medicine (Cooper, 2016) and social sciences (
Results
After the reviewing process, each paper was categorized as controlled trials, frameworks and systems, knowledge discovery, social media usage analysis or simulation models, according to its perceived characteristics.
Table 4 abstracts the reviewed papers and shows their title, where they were published, type of publication (e.g. journal, conference, or chapter), year of publication and how they were classified. Table 4 also indicates if papers promote social support, use social data, or present
Discussion
In this section, we discuss how the three research questions are accomplished according to the knowledge acquired through the conduction of this study.
Conclusions
The proposal of this paper was to present a mapping study aiming to enlighten future works in the field of computer aided social support for NCDs care. For this, we started by elaborating three research questions to guide the study. Afterwards, the questions were transformed in queries to be used in scientific repositories. The results were then clustered with suffix three method for selecting papers more closely related to the research questions. After that, the first pass of the three-pass
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge that this work was supported by CNPq/Brazil (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—http://www.cnpq.br) and CAPES/Brazil (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—http://www.capes.gov.br). We are also grateful to Unisinos (http://www.unisinos.br) for embracing this research.
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