Abstract
In this paper we evaluate several routing protocols for mobile, wireless, ad hoc networks via packet‐level simulations. The ad hoc networks are multi‐hop wireless networks with dynamically changing network connectivity owing to mobility. The protocol suite includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad hoc routing, as well as more traditional protocols, such as link state and distance vector, used for dynamic networks. Performance is evaluated with respect to fraction of packets delivered, end‐to‐end delay, and routing load for a given traffic and mobility model. Both small (30 nodes) and medium sized (60 nodes) networks are used. It is observed that the new generation of on‐demand routing protocols use much lower routing load, especially with small number of peer‐to‐peer conversations. However, the traditional link state and distance vector protocols provide, in general, better packet delivery and end‐to‐end delay performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Alaettinoglu, A.U. Shankar, K. Dussa-Zieger and I. Matta, Design and implementation of MaRS: A routing testbed, Journal of Internetworking: Research and Experience 5(1) (1994) 17–41.
D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987).
J. Broch, D.A. Maltz, D.B. Johnson, Y.-C. Hu and J. Jetcheva, A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols, in: Proc. of the 4th Internat. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM MOBICOM'98) (October 1998) pp. 85-97.
C. Cheng, R. Riley and S.P.R. Kumar, A loop-free extended Bellman-Ford routing protocol without bouncing effect, in: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM Conf. (1989) pp. 224-236.
M.S. Corson, S. Batsell and J. Macker, Architectural considerations for mobile mesh networking (May 1996) Request for comments draft; http://tonnant.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mmnet/mmnetRFC.txt.
M.S. Corson and A. Ephremides, A distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks, Wireless Network 1(1) (1995) 61–81.
S. Corson, S. Papademetriou, P. Papadopoulos, V. Park and A. Qayyum, An Internet MANET Encapsulation Protocol (IMEP) specification, Internet Draft (1998), http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-imep-spec-01.txt.
E.W. Dijkstra, A note on two problems in connection with graphs, Numerical Mathematics 1 (1959) 269–271.
E. Gafni and D. Bertsekas, Distributed algorithms for generating loop-free routes in networks with frequently changing topology, IEEE Transactions on Communication 29(1) (1981) 11–18.
J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, A unified approach to loop free routing using distance vectors or link states, in: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM'89 Conf. (September 1989) pp. 212-213.
M. Gerla and J.T.-C. Tsai, Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio networks, Wireless Network 1(3) (1995) 255–265.
Z. Haas, A new routing protocol for the reconfigurable wireless networks, in: Proc. of the IEEE Internat. Conf. on Universal Personal Communications (October 1997).
Z.J. Haas and M.R. Pearlman, The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for ad hoc networks, IETF Internet draft (1997), http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manetzone-zrp-00.txt.
Z.J. Haas and M.R. Pearlman, The performance of query control schemes for the zone routing protocol, in: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM' 98 Conf., Vancouver (September 1998) pp. 167-177.
C. Hedrick, Routing information protocol, RFC 1058 (June 1988).
B. Ireisleben and R. Jansen, Analysis of routing protocols for ad hoc networks of mobile computers, in: Proc. of the 15th IASTED Internat. Conf. on Applied Informatics, Innsbruck, Austria (IASTED-Acta Press, 1997) pp. 33-136.
D. Johnson and D. Maltz, Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks, in: Mobile Computing (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1996).
J. Jubin and J.D. Tornow, The DARPA packet radio network protocols, Proceedings of the IEEE 75(1) (1987) 21–32.
S. Keshav, An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1997) chapter 11.
A. Khanna and J. Zinky, A revised ARPANET routing metric, in: Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM'89 Conf. (September 1989) pp. 45-56.
P. Krishna, N.H. Vaidya, M. Chatterjee and D.K. Pradhan, A clusterbased approach for routing in dynamic networks, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (April 1997) 49-65.
J. Macker and S. Corson, Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET), IETF Working Group Charter (1997), http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html.
J. Moy, OSPF Version 2. RFC 1247 (July 1991).
S. Murthy and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks, Mobile Networks and Applications 1(2) (1996) 183–197.
V. Park and S. Corson, A performance comparison of TORA and ideal link state routing, in: Proc. of IEEE Symposium of Computers and Communication (June 1998).
V. Park and S. Corson, Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1, Functional specification IETF Internet draft (1998), http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-tora-spec-01.txt.
V.D. Park and M.S. Corson, A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks, in: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM' 97 Conf. (April 1997).
C. Perkins, Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, IETF Internet draft (1997), http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-aodv-00.txt.
C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, in: Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM'94 Conf. (August 1994) pp. 234-244.
Y. Rekhter and T. Li, A border gateway protocol-4, RFC 827 (March 1995).
N. Schacham and J. Westcott, Future directions in packet radio architectures and protocols, Proceedings of the IEEE 75(1) (1987) 83–99.
A.U. Shankar, C. Alaettinoglu, K. Dussa-Zieger and I. Matta, Transient and steady-state performance of routing protocols: Distance-vector versus link-state, Journal of Internetworking: Research and Experience 6 (1995) 59–87. (Preliminary version appeared in: Proc. of ACM SIGMETRICS/PERFORMANCE Conf. (1992) pp. 181-192.)
Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE Standard 802.11-1997, IEEE Standards Department (1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Das, S.R., Castañeda, R. & Yan, J. Simulation‐based performance evaluation of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Mobile Networks and Applications 5, 179–189 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019108612308
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019108612308