Abstract
Bluetooth enables portable electronic devices to communicate wirelessly via short-range ad-hoc networks. Initially Bluetooth will be used as a replacement for point-to-(multi)point cables. However, in due course, there will be a need for forming multihop ad-hoc networks over Bluetooth, referred to as scatternets. This paper investigates the capacity assignment problem in Bluetooth scatternets. The problem arises primarily from the special characteristics of the network and its solution requires new protocols. We formulate it as a problem of minimizing a convex function over a convex set contained in the matching polytope. We develop an optimal algorithm which is similar to the well-known flow deviation algorithm and that calls for solving a maximum-weight matching problem at each iteration. A centralized heuristic algorithm with a relatively low complexity is also developed. Then, since in an ad-hoc network there is no central authority that is responsible for network optimization, a distributed heuristic algorithm is proposed. Finally, numerical results are presented and it is shown that the heuristic algorithms usually converge to results that are relatively close to the optimal results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Baatz, M. Frank, C. Kühl, P. Martini and C. Scholz, Adaptive scatternet support for Bluetooth using sniff mode, in: Proc. of IEEE LCN'01 (November 2001) pp. 112–120.
S. Baatz, M. Frank, C. Kühl, P. Martini and C. Scholz, Bluetooth scatternets: An enhanced adaptive scheduling scheme, in: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'02 (June 2002) pp. 782–790.
D.P. Bertsekas, Nonlinear Programming (Athena Scientific, MA, 1999).
D.P. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks (Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992).
P. Bhagwat and S.P. Rao, On the characterization of Bluetooth scatternet topologies, submitted for publication (August 2002), available at http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/~pravin/publications/papers/bt-top.ps
Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Specification of the Bluetooth System — Version 1.1 (February 2001).
J. Bray and C. Sturman, Bluetooth 1.1 Connect without Cables (Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2001) pp. 1990–1994.
R. Bruno, M. Conti and E. Gregori, Bluetooth: Architecture, protocols and scheduling algorithms, Cluster Computing 5 (April 2002) 117–131.
A. Capone, M. Gerla and R. Kapoor, Efficient polling schemes for Bluetooth picocells, in: Proc. of IEEE ICC'01 (June 2001) pp. 1990–1994.
A. Das, A. Ghose, A. Razdan, H. Saran and R. Shorey, Enhancing performance of asynchronous data traffic over the Bluetooth wireless ad-hoc network, in: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'01 (April 2001) pp. 591–600.
J. Edmonds, Maximum matching and a polyhedron with (0, 1) vertices, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 69B (1965) 125–130.
M. Gerla, J.A.S. Monteiro and R.A. Pazos-Rangel, Topology design and bandwidth allocation in ATM nets, IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun. 7 (October 1989) 1253–1262.
B. Hajek and G. Sasaki, Link scheduling in polynomial time, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 34 (September 1988) 910–917.
L. Har-Shai, R. Kofman, G. Zussman and A. Segall, Inter-piconet scheduling in Bluetooth scatternets, in: Proc. of OPNETWORK 2002 (August 2002).
N. Johansson, U. Korner and P. Johansson, Performance evaluation of scheduling algorithms for Bluetooth, in: Proc. of IFIP TC6 Internat. Conf. on Broadband Communications (November 1999) pp. 139–150.
N. Johansson, U. Korner and L. Tassiulas, A distributed scheduling algorithm for Bluetooth scatternet, in: Proc. of ITC'17 (December 2001) pp. 61–72.
P. Johansson, R. Kapoor, M. Kazantzidis and M. Gerla, Rendezvous scheduling in Bluetooth scatternets, in: Proc. of IEEE ICC'02 (April 2002) pp. 318–324.
P. Johansson, M. Kazantzidis, R. Kapoor and M. Gerla, Bluetooth: An enabler for personal area networking, IEEE Network 15 (September/October 2001) 28–37.
L. Kleinrock, Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Delay (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964).
B.A. Miller and C. Bisdikian, Bluetooth Revealed (Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2000).
G.L. Nemhauser and L.A. Wolsey, Integer and Combinatorial Optimization (Wiley, New York, 1988).
R.A. Pazos-Rangel and M. Gerla, Express pipe networks, in: Proc. of Global Telecommunications Conf. (1982) pp. B2.3.1–5.
A. Racz, G. Miklos, F. Kubinszky and A. Valko, A pseudo-random coordinated scheduling algorithm for Bluetooth scatternets, in: Proc. of ACM MOBIHOC'01 (October 2001) pp. 193–203.
T. Salonidis, P. Bhagwat, L. Tassiulas and R. LaMaire, Distributed topology construction of Bluetooth personal area networks, in: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'01 (April 2001) pp. 1577–1586.
L. Tassiulas and S. Sarkar, Maxmin fair scheduling in wireless networks, in: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'02 (June 2002) pp. 763–772.
G.V. Zaruba, S. Basagni and I. Chlamtac, Bluetrees — scatternet formation to enable Bluetooth-based ad hoc networks, in: Proc. of IEEE ICC'01 (June 2001) pp. 273–277.
W. Zhang and G. Cao, A flexible scatternet-wide scheduling algorithm for Bluetooth networks, in: Proc. of IEEE IPCCC'02 (April 2002) pp. 291–298.
G. Zussman and A. Segall, Capacity assignment in Bluetooth scatternets — analysis and algorithms, CCIT Report, No. 355, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion (October 2001), available at http://www.comnet.technion.ac.il/segall/reports/CapacityBT.pdf
G. Zussman, U. Yechiali and A. Segall, Exact probabilistic analysis of the 1-limited scheduling algorithm for symmetrical Bluetooth piconets, in: Proc. of IFIP-TC6 Personal Wireless Communications (PWC'03), eds. M. Conti et al., Lecture Notes in Computer Sience, Vol. 2775 (Springer, 2003) pp. 276–290.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zussman, G., Segall, A. Capacity Assignment in Bluetooth Scatternets – Optimal and Heuristic Algorithms. Mobile Networks and Applications 9, 49–61 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027321806934
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027321806934