During the past years, the growing number of traffic fatalities has become an important issue in public security. In this paper, we develop a quantitative analysis for ongoing assessment of cognitive response by investigating the neurobiological brain dynamics in traffic-light experiments. A single-trial event-related-potential (ERP)-based fuzzy neural network (FNN) is applied to recognize different brain potentials stimulated by red/green/yellow traffic-light events. The system consists of a dynamic virtual-reality (VR)-based motion simulation platform, EEG signal detection and analysis units, and FNN-based classifier. ICA algorithms are used to obtain noise-free ERP signals from the multi-channel EEG signals. A novel temporal filter is also proposed to solve time-alignment problems of ERP features and PCA is used to reduce feature dimensions, which were then fed into a FNN classifier. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting and analyzing multiple streams of ERP signals that organize operators' cognitive responses to task events. Comparisons of three kinds of linear and nonlinear classifiers show that our proposed FNN-based classifier can achieve a satisfactory and superior recognition rate (85%). The classification results can be further transformed as the control/biofeedback signals of intelligent driving systems.