Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into emergency communications is a promising way to accomplish efficient network recovery with the advantages of UAV flexibility. To ensure information forwarding from the disaster area, this article considers an emergency communication scenario where a UAV provides uplink relaying services based on nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for a set of disconnected ground wireless access points (APs) under the urban environment. To maximize the system uplink throughput, the UAV altitude, power control, as well as the bandwidth allocation between the access and backhaul links are jointly optimized. Especially, the constraint for the uplink rate fairness is also considered. Our formulated problem is nonconvex due to the complex uplink co-channel interference under the Line-of-Sight (LoS) probability-based Air-to-Ground (AtG) channel. To tackle this issue, we change our formulated problem into an equivalent form by coping with the information-causality and fairness constraints. Then, a joint altitude and resource allocation (JARA) algorithm is developed, which iteratively solves the altitude optimization subproblem and resource optimization subproblem until convergence. For each subproblem, we further introduce auxiliary variables so that it can be solved by using the successive convex approximation (SCA) method. Finally, two benchmarks are used for the throughput comparison, and simulation results verify that the system uplink throughput of our proposed algorithm is improved through the AtG LoS propagation advantage, uplink power control, as well as the bandwidth allocation between the access and backhaul links.