The wireless sensor network (WSN) profoundly impacts the routing technology of the Internet of Things, which has received tremendous attention in terms of energy cost, Quality of Service (QoS) and security. In this way, it is particularly significant to find a multihop path with low-energy consumption, delay, delay jitter, packet loss rate and high bandwidth, credibility in WSN. However, the existing energy-efficient secure QoS routing problem has been proven to be an NP-hard that forces a tradeoff between energy cost, communication quality and security. To address this problem, a new energy-efficient secure QoS routing model is designed, which precisely replicates the communication scenario of WSN and comprehensively considers energy cost, latency, delay jitter, bandwidth, credibility, and packet loss rate. Subsequently, a novel energy-efficient secure QoS routing algorithm based on elite niche clonal evolutionary computing (ESQRA-ENCEC) is proposed, which includes three novel operators named niche selection, clone operator and elite optimization. These operators are designed to significantly increase the quality of solutions, vigorously develop convergence speed and successfully avoid local optima. The suggested algorithm not only considerably lowers energy consumption, delay, delay jitter, and packet loss rate but also effectively increases bandwidth and credibility. The simulation of ESQRA-ENCEC is performed in different scenarios. Experiment results reveal that the ESQRA-ENCEC has improved by 5.21% and 11.26% in energy cost, 5.31% and 7.94% in bandwidth, 6.44% and 10.80% in delay, 5.85% and 12.79% in delay jitter, 8.58% and 14.39% in packet loss rate, and 8.03% and 15.58% in credibility compared with two existing algorithms, respectively.