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A 64 × 64 SPAD-Based Indirect Time-of-Flight Image Sensor With 2-Tap Analog Pulse Counters | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore

A 64 × 64 SPAD-Based Indirect Time-of-Flight Image Sensor With 2-Tap Analog Pulse Counters


Abstract:

This article presents a 64 \times 64 indirect time-of-flight (iToF) image sensor with a depth range of 50 m, integrated into a 1P4M 110-nm CMOS process. The sensor i...Show More

Abstract:

This article presents a 64 \times 64 indirect time-of-flight (iToF) image sensor with a depth range of 50 m, integrated into a 1P4M 110-nm CMOS process. The sensor is based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), the range-dependent phase delay of which is measured by compact analog time-gated pulse counters and then read out by column-parallel single-slope (SS) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We present two prototypes of iToF sensors that exploit one- or two-tap counters in the pixel. Compared to the one-tap sensor, the two-tap sensor achieves an improved fill factor of 26.3% with a pixel pitch of 32 \mu \text {m} . This improvement is realized by using a retrograde deep n-well as guard-ring structure and two analog counters whose layout has been optimized. By utilizing two different demodulation frequencies of 1.56 and 50 MHz, the two-tap sensor achieves a large depth range of 50 m with a relative depth uncertainty of 0.22% and a high 3-D frame rate of 65 frames/s. When using an optical bandpass filter and multi-frame accumulation, the sensor shows a tolerance of 120-klx sunlight. Compared with the previous iToF benchmarks, the proposed SPAD-based iToF sensor demonstrates the largest depth range without compromising the relative depth uncertainty.
Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits ( Volume: 56, Issue: 10, October 2021)
Page(s): 2956 - 2967
Date of Publication: 15 July 2021

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