With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) technology and applications, the cloud–edge computing system provides convenient and low-latency storage and decentralized computing services to reduce computing requirements in the cloud environment. However, data integrity verification is still an urgent issue researchers have widely discussed in AIoT cloud–edge computing environment. As a distributed and immutable ledger technology, blockchain provides an effective way of data verification in digital financial transactions. The research proposes a blockchain-based data integrity verification scheme to improve the data verification rate in cloud–edge computing environment. Based on the method, a detailed blockchain-based data integrity verification scheme without a trusted third party is proposed with a data upload phase and a data verification phase. The novel proposal system is built on Hyperledger Sawtooth and experimentally evaluated against two state-of-the-art systems in a simulated cloud–edge environment. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can efficiently verify data integrity with a high verification rate.