Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology has been applied in vertical seismic profiling (VSP) to provide high-precision seismic records for oil and gas exploration in recent years. However, these records are often contaminated by various noises due to the limitations of acquisition instrument and borehole environment, resulting in an unclear reflection of the geologic structure. The object of this article is to remove the severe noise contamination through signal decomposition, time-frequency description, and feature classification. First, we design an improved decomposition method to avoid signal distortion and reduce frequency aliasing during the decomposition process. A flexible sifting iterative stop condition is applied to sift through unevenly distributed noises in the DAS records. Second, we construct a high-dimensional attribute space using time and frequency factors to represent the confused decomposed components. This ascending-dimensional feature mapping facilitates the description of differences between seismic signal and noise. Finally, we establish a two-level ensemble framework based on tree-structure learners to complete the classification tasks in the high-dimensional feature space. Experiments have proved that this method effectively recovers seismic signal waves while accurately suppressing the complex noises. The improved decomposition method overcomes signal distortion and reduces frequency aliasing, providing clearer information for feature extraction. The tree-structure ensemble model exhibits high accuracy and strong generalization, ensuring the low-attenuation recovery of effective signals. Furthermore, this research reveals the mechanism by which noise interferes with signals and identifies the dominant frequency of random noise.