In robotic inspection of aviation parts, achieving accurate pairwise point cloud registration between scanned and model data is essential. However, noise and outliers generated in robotic scanned data may compromise registration accuracy. To mitigate this challenge, this article proposes a probability-based registration method utilizing the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with local consistency constraint. This method converts the registration problem into a model fitting one, constraining the similarity of posterior distributions between neighboring points to enhance correspondence robustness. It employs the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm iteratively to find the optimal rotation matrix and translation vector while obtaining GMM parameters. Both E-step and M-step have closed-form solutions. Simulation and actual experiments confirm the method’s effectiveness, reducing root-mean-square error by 20% despite the presence of noise and outliers. The proposed method excels in robustness and accuracy compared to existing methods.