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From Conception to Retirement: A Lifetime Story of a 3-Year-Old Wireless Beacon System in the Wild | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore

From Conception to Retirement: A Lifetime Story of a 3-Year-Old Wireless Beacon System in the Wild


Abstract:

We report a 3-year city-wide study of an operational indoor sensing system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) called aBeacon (short for alibaba Beacon). aBeacon is pilot...Show More

Abstract:

We report a 3-year city-wide study of an operational indoor sensing system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) called aBeacon (short for alibaba Beacon). aBeacon is pilot-studied, A/B tested, deployed, and operated in Shanghai, China to infer the indoor status of Alibaba couriers, e.g., arrival and departure at the merchants participating in the Alibaba Local Services platform. In its full operation stage (2018/01-2020/04), aBeacon consists of customized BLE devices at 12,109 merchants, interacting with 109,378 couriers to infer their status to assist the scheduling of 64 million delivery orders for 7.3 million customers with a total amount of \$ 600 million order values. Although in an academic setting, using BLE devices to detect arrival and departure looks straightforward, it is non-trivial to design, build, deploy, and operate aBeacon from its conception to its retirement at city scale in a metric-based approach by considering the tradeoffs between various practical factors (e.g., cost and performance) during long-term system evolution. We report our study in two phases, i.e., an 8-month pilot study and a 28-month deployment and operation in the wild. We focus on an in-depth reporting on the five lessons learned and provide their implications in other systems with long-term operation and broad geospatial coverage, e.g., Edge Computing.
Published in: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking ( Volume: 30, Issue: 1, February 2022)
Page(s): 47 - 61
Date of Publication: 30 August 2021

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I. Introduction

Instant delivery is an emerging business where couriers deliver the online orders (e.g., groceries or foods) from merchants (e.g., grocery stores and restaurants) to customers within a short time (e.g., 30 mins). This business proliferates in recent years with the emergence of several online platforms, e.g., Prime Now [2], Uber Eats [3], Instacart [4], DoorDash [5], Deliveroo [6], and Alibaba Local Services [7]. In an instant delivery service, a customer uses an APP on a platform to place an order at a merchant; a courier is assigned by the platform to pick up this order at the merchant and then deliver it to the customer. The platform needs to know its couriers’ real-time arrival status at merchants, which is used to assign new orders to the most suitable couriers based on their locations to avoid an order delivery overdue given a short delivery window [8]. While the outdoor status of couriers can be obtained by smartphone GPS, inferring the indoor state is always challenging due to a lack of infrastructure at scale.

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