I. Introduction
Instant delivery is an emerging business where couriers deliver the online orders (e.g., groceries or foods) from merchants (e.g., grocery stores and restaurants) to customers within a short time (e.g., 30 mins). This business proliferates in recent years with the emergence of several online platforms, e.g., Prime Now [2], Uber Eats [3], Instacart [4], DoorDash [5], Deliveroo [6], and Alibaba Local Services [7]. In an instant delivery service, a customer uses an APP on a platform to place an order at a merchant; a courier is assigned by the platform to pick up this order at the merchant and then deliver it to the customer. The platform needs to know its couriers’ real-time arrival status at merchants, which is used to assign new orders to the most suitable couriers based on their locations to avoid an order delivery overdue given a short delivery window [8]. While the outdoor status of couriers can be obtained by smartphone GPS, inferring the indoor state is always challenging due to a lack of infrastructure at scale.