This article presents a novel command-filter-based finite-time fuzzy preassigned performance adaptive control approach for nonlinear systems with exogenous disturbances and asymmetric time-varying constraints. Combining the asymmetric barrier Lyapunov function (ABLF) with preassigned performance control (PPC), it is ensured that the state $x_{1}$ satisfies the required asymmetric time-varying state constraints (ATSCs), and the system output y can track the desired signal with achieving preassigned performance indices (PPIs). The command-filter-based control design not only circumvents the computing complexity in the backstepping but also reduces the conservativeness of the assumption regarding the desired signal and the time-varying asymmetric constraints. Additionally, the nonlinear disturbance observer method (NDOM) is employed to effectively estimate unknown exogenous disturbances and enhance the robustness of the closed-loop system. Through rigorous theoretical analysis, the proposed finite-time command filter-based control method effectively ensures that all variables are bounded within a finite time. The practicality and feasibility of the proposed approach are further validated by simulation results.