Hui Dai
ABSTRACT
An efficient and reliable file storage system is important to micro sensor nodes so that data can be logged for later asynchronous delivery across a multi-hop wireless sensor network. Designing and implementing such a file system for a sensor node faces various challenges. Sensor nodes are highly resource constrained in terms of limited runtime memory, limited persistent storage, and finite energy. Also, the flash storage medium on sensor nodes differs in a variety of ways from the traditional hard disk, e.g. in terms of the limited number of writes for a flash memory unit. We present the design and implementation of ELF, an efficient log-structured flash-based file system tailored for sensor nodes. ELF is adapted to achieve memory efficiency, low power operation, and tailored support for common types of sensor file operations such as appending data to a file. ELF's log-structured approach achieves wear levelling across flash memory pages with limited write lifetimes. ELF also uniquely provides garbage collection capability as well as reliability for micro sensor nodes. A performance evaluation of an implementation of ELF based on TinyOS and MICA2 sensor motes is presented.
- I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. A survey on sensor networks. In IEEE Communications Magazine, Aug 2002.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, and K. Pister. System architecture directions for network sensors. In ACM Ninth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), pages 93--104, 2000.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. B. Priyantha, A. Chakraborty, and H. Balakrishnan. The cricket location-support system. In Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 32--43, 2000.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. B. Priyantha, A. K. L. Miu, H. Balakrishnan, and S. J. Teller. The cricket compass for context-aware mobile applications. In Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 1--14, 2001.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Abrach, S. Bhatti, J. Carlson, H. Dai, J. Rose, A. Sheth, B. Shucker, J. Deng, and R. Han. Mantis: System support for multimodal networks of in-situ sensors. In 2nd ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- The smart-its project, http://www.smart-its.org/.]]Google Scholar
- The eyes project, http://eyes.eu.org/.]]Google Scholar
- M. Leopold, M. Dydensborg, and P. Bonnet. Bluetooth and sensor networks: a reality check. In Proceedings of the first international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 103--113. ACM Press, 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, and J. Anderson. Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring. In WSNA, Atlanta, GA, September 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- James reserve extensible sensing system, http://www.cens.ucla.edu/ eoster/tinydiff/.]]Google Scholar
- New computing frontiers - the wireless vineyard, http://www.intel.com/labs/features/rs01031.htm.]]Google Scholar
- Crossbow motes, http://www.xbow.com/.]]Google Scholar
- S. R. Madden, M. J. Franklin, J. M. Hellerstein, and W. Hong. Tag: a tiny aggregation service for ad-hoc sensor networks. In OSDI Conference, December 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Madden, R. Szewczyk, M. Franklin, and D. Culler. Supporting aggregate queries over ad-hoc wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of 4th IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing and Systems Applications, 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Levis, N. Patel, D. Culler, and S. Shenker. Trickle: A self-regulating algorithm for code propagation. In Proceedings of the First USENIX/ACM Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI), 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Reijers and K. Langendoen. Efficient code distribution in wireless sensor networks. In WSNA, pages 60--67. ACM Press, 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Kawaguchi, S. Nishioka, and H. Motoda. A flash-memory based file system. In USENIX Winter, pages 155--164, 1995.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Rosenblum and J. Ousterhout. The design and implementation of a log-structured file system. In Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, pages 1--15. ACM Press, 1991.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. I. Seltzer, K. Bostic, M. McKusick, and C. Staelin. An implementation of a log-structured file system for UNIX. In USENIX Winter, pages 307--326, 1993.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Wu and W. Zwaenepoel. envy: a non-volatile, main memory storage system. In ASPLOS, pages 86--97. ACM Press, 1994.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- Flash memory, intel corporation, 1994.]]Google Scholar
- F. Douglis, R. Caceres, M. Frans Kaashoek, K. Li, B. Marsh, and J. A. Tauber. Storage alternatives for mobile computers. In Proceedings of the First Symposium on Operating Design and Implementation (OSDI), November 1994.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Woodhouse. Jffs : The journalling flash file system.]]Google Scholar
- Sylvia Ratnasamy, Brad Karp, Scott Shenker, Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, Li Yin, and Fang Yu. Data-centric storage in sensornets with ght, a geographic hash table. Mob. Netw. Appl., 8(4):427--442, 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- Deepak Ganesan, Ben Greenstein, Denis Perelyubskiy, Deborah Estrin, and John Heidemann. An evaluation of multi-resolution storage for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the first international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 89--102. ACM Press, 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ganesan, D. Estrin, and J. Heidemann. Dimensions: Why do we need a new data handling architecture for sensor networks. In First Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (Hotnets-I), 2002.]]Google Scholar
- S. Ratnasamy, B. Karp, L. Yin, F. Yu, D. Estrin, R. Govindan, and S. Shenker. Ght: A geographic hash table for data-centric storage in sensornets. In First ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Gay, P. Levis, R. v. Behren, M. Welsh, E. Brewer, and D. Culler. The nesc language: A holistic approach to network embedded systems. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Levis, S. Madden, D. Gay, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, E. Brewer, and D. Culler. The emergence of networking abstractions and techniques in tinyos. In NSDI, 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Shenker, S. Ratnasamy, B. Karp, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin. Data-centric storage in sensornets. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 33(1):137--142, 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ganesan, B. Greenstein, D. Perelyubskiy, D. Estrin, and J. Heidemann. An evaluation of multi-resolution storage for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys Conference, pages 89--102, Los Angeles, California, USA, November 2003. ACM.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- ELF: an efficient log-structured flash file system for micro sensor nodes
Recommendations
Reliability of Cluster-Based Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks of Cyber Physical Systems
AbstractSensors are a crucial component of any intelligent control system. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are one of the most rapidly developing information technologies and promise to have a variety of applications in the Internet of Things and for ...
On-Demand Snapshot: An Efficient Versioning File System for Phase-Change Memory
Versioning file systems are widely used in modern computer systems as they provide system recovery and old data access functions by retaining previous file system snapshots. However, existing versioning file systems do not perform well with the emerging ...
NANDFS: a flexible flash file system for RAM-constrained systems
EMSOFT '09: Proceedings of the seventh ACM international conference on Embedded softwareNANDFS is a flash file system that exposes a memory-performance tradeoff to system integrators. The file system can be configured to use a large amount of RAM, in which case it delivers excellent performance. In particular, when NANDFS is configured ...
Comments