Karl Sims
ABSTRACT
This paper describes how evolutionary techniques of variation and selection can be used to create complex simulated structures, textures, and motions for use in computer graphics and animation. Interactive selection, based on visual perception of procedurally generated results, allows the user to direct simulated evolutions in preferred directions. Several examples using these methods have been implemented and are described. 3D plant structures are grown using fixed sets of genetic parameters. Images, solid textures, and animations are created using mutating symbolic lisp expressions. Genotypes consisting of symbolic expressions are presented as an attempt to surpass the limitations of fixed-length genotypes with predefined expression rules. It is proposed that artificial evolution has potential as a powerful tool for achieving flexible complexity with a minimum of user input and knowledge of details.
- 1.Aono, M., and Kunii, T. L., "Botanical Tree Image Generation," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol.4, No.5, May 1982.Google Scholar
- 2.Darwin, Charles, The Origin of Species, New American Library, Mentor paperback, 1859.Google Scholar
- 3.Dawkins, Richard, The Blind Watchmaker, Harlow Logman, 1986.Google Scholar
- 4.Dawkins, Richard, "The Evolution of Evolvability," Artijicial Life Proceedings, 1987, pp.201-220.Google Scholar
- 5.Goldberg, D. E., Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, andMachine Learning, 1989, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 6.Grenfcnstette, J. J., Proceedings of the First International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications, Hiilsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 7.Grenfenstette, J. J., Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, 1987, (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.) Google ScholarDigital Library
- 8.Haase, K., "Automated Discovery," Machine Learning: Principles and Techniques, by Richard Forsyth, Chapman & Halt 1989, pp.127-155. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 9.Haggerty, M., "Evolution by Esthetics, an Interview with W. Latham and S. Todd," IEEE Computer Graphics, Vol. I l, No.2, March 199 I, pp.5-9. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 10.Hillis, W. D., "The Connection Machine," Scientific American, Vol. 255, No. 6, June 1987. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 11.Holland, J. H., Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1975. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 12.Koza, J. R. "Genetic Progranuning: A Paradigm for Genetically Breeding Populations of Computer Programs to Solve Problems," Stanford University Computer Science Department Technical Report STAN-CS-90-1314, June 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 13.Koza, J. R. "Evolution and Co-Evolution of Computer Programs to Control Independently Acting Agents," Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB-90) Paris, Sept.24- 28, 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 14.Lenat, D. B. and Brown,J.S. "Why AM and EURISKO a~ to work," Artificial intelligence, Vol.23, 1984, pp.269-294. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 15.Lewis, J. P., "Algorithms for Solid Noise Synthesis," Computer Graphics, Vol.23, No.3, July 1989, pp.263-270. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 16.~eimer, P. "Real time design and animation of fractal plants and trees." Computer Graphics, Vol.20, No.4, 1986, pp.55-64. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 17.Oppenheimer, P. "The Artificial Menagerie" Artificial Life Proceedings, 1987, pp.251-274.Google Scholar
- 18.Peachy, D., "Solid Texturing of Complex Surfaces," Computer Graphics Vol. 19, No.3, July 1985, pp.279-286. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 19.Perlin, K., "An Image Synthesizer," Computer Graphics, Vol. 19, No.3, July 1985, pp.287-296. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 20.Perlin, K., "Hypertexture," Computer Graphics, Vol.23, No.3, July 1989, pp.253-262. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 21.Prusinkiewicz, P., Lindenmayer, A., and Hanan, J., "Developmental Models of Herbaceous Plants for Computer Imagery Purposes," Computer Graphics, Vol.22 No.4, 1988, pp. 141- 150. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 22.Reffye, P., Edelin, C., Francon, J., Jaeger, M., Puech, C. "Plant Models Faithful to Botanical Structure and Development," Computer Graphics Vol.22, No.4, 1988, pp. 151-158. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 23.Schaffer, J. D., "Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Genetic Algorithms," June 1989, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 24.Sims, K., Panspermia, Siggraph Video Review 1990.Google Scholar
- 25.Smith, A. R., "Plants, Fractals, and Formal Languages," Computer Graphics, Vol.18, No.3, July 1984, pp.l-10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 26.Steele, G., Common Id'sp, The Language, Distal Press, 1984. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 27.Thinking Machines Corporation, Connection Machine Model CM-2 Technical Swnmary, technical report, May 1989.Google Scholar
- 28.Todd, S. J. P., and Latham, W., "Mutator, a Subjective Human Interface for Evolution of Computer Sculptures," IBM United Kingdom Scientific Centre Report 248, 1991.Google Scholar
- 29.Viennot, X., Eyrolles, G., Janey, N., and Axques, D., "Combinatorial Analysis of Ramified Patterns and Computer Imagery of Trees," Computer Graphics, Vol.23, No.3, July 1989, pp.3~-4o. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Artificial evolution for computer graphics
Recommendations
Artificial evolution for computer graphics
This paper describes how evolutionary techniques of variation and selection can be used to create complex simulated structures, textures, and motions for use in computer graphics and animation. Interactive selection, based on visual perception of ...
Heuristics for continuity editing of cinematic computer graphics scenes
Sandbox '09: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Video GamesWe present a set of heuristics for editing footage of 3D computer graphics cinematic sequences into a coherent movie clip which obeys the conventions of continuity editing. Our approach mimics the decision processes of an editor assembling a clip out of ...
Interactive evolution of particle systems for computer graphics and animation
Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) creates the intriguing possibility that a large variety of useful content can be produced quickly and easily for practical computer graphics and gaming applications. To show that IEC can produce such content, ...
Comments