Abstract
This paper presents a new technique, called Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Voltage-and-Task Scheduling (ASG-VTS), for power optimization of multicore hard realtime systems. ASG-VTS combines stochastic and energy-gradient techniques to simultaneously solve the slack distribution and task reordering problem. It produces very efficient results with few mode transitions. Our experiments show that ASG-VTS reduces number of mode transitions by 4.8 times compared to traditional energy-gradient-based approaches. Also, our heuristic algorithm can quickly find a solution that is as good as the optimal for a real-life GSM encoder/decoder benchmark. The runtime of ASG-VTS is 150 times and 1034 times faster than energy-gradient based and optimal ILP algorithms, respectively. Since the runtime of ASG-VTS is very low, it is ideal for design space exploration in system-level design tools. We have also developed a web-based interface for ASG-VTS algorithm.
- Abdi, S., Peng, J., Yu, H., Shin, D., Gerstlauer, A., Doemer, R., and Gajski, D. 2003. System-on-Chip Environment (SCE Version 2.2.0 Beta): Tutorial. Tech. rep. CECS-TR-03-41, CECS, University of California Irvine.Google Scholar
- Andrei, A., Schmitz, M., Eles, P., Peng, Z., and Al-Hashimi, B. 2005. Overhead-conscious voltage selection for dynamic and leakage energy reduction of time-constrained systems. IEE Proceedings---Computers and Digital Techniques 152, 1, 28--38.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Andrei, A., Schmitz, M., Eles, P., Peng, Z., and Al-Hashimi, B. M. 2004. Overhead-conscious voltage selection for dynamic and leakage energy reduction of time-constrained systems. In Proceedings of DATE. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bambha, N. K., Bhattacharyya, S. S., Teich, J., and Zitzler, E. 2001. Hybrid global/local search strategies for dynamic voltage scaling in embedded multiprocessors. In Proceedings of CODES. ACM Press, New York, NY, 243--248. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cai, L., Gerstlauer, A., and Gajski, D. 2003. Retargetable profiling for rapid, early system-level design space exploration. Tech. rep. CECS-TR-04-04, CECS, University of California Irvine. October.Google Scholar
- Dick, R. P. and Jha, N. K. 1999. MOCSYN: Multiobjective core-based single-chip system synthesis. In Proceedings of Design, Automation and Test in Europe. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 263. Google ScholarDigital Library
- European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). 1996. Digital cellular telecommunications system; enhanced full rate (EFR) speech transcoding (GSM 06.60).Google Scholar
- Gajski, D. D., Zhu, J., Dömer, R., Gerstlauer, A., and Zhao, S. 2000. SpecC: Specification Language and Methodology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
- Garey, M. R. and Johnson, D. S. 1979. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gorjiara, B. 2004. http://www.ece.uci.edu/~bgorjiar.Google Scholar
- Gorjiara, B., Bagherzadeh, N., and Chou, P. 2004. An efficient voltage scaling algorithm for complex socs with few number of voltage modes. In Proceedings of ISLPED. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 381--386. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gorjiara, B., Chou, P., Bagherzadeh, N., Jensen, D., and Reshadi, M. 2004. Fast and efficient voltage scheduling by evolutionary slack distribution. In Proceedings of ASP-DAC. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 381--386. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gruian, F. and Kuchcinski, K. 2001. LEneS: Task scheduling for low-energy systems using variable supply voltage processors. In Proceedings of ASP-DAC. ACM Press, New York, NY, 449--455. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Intel. 2007. Intel XScale microarchitecture. http://developer.intel.com/design/intelxscale.Google Scholar
- Jejurikar, R. and Gupta, R. 2004. Dynamic voltage scaling for system-wide energy minimization in real-time embedded systems. In Proceedings of ISLPED. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 78--81. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Leung, L.-F., Tsui, C.-Y., and Ki, W.-H. 2004. Minimizing energy consumption of multiple-processor-core systems with simultaneous task allocation, scheduling and voltage assignment. In Proceedings of ASPDAC. ACM Press, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Luo, J. and Jha, N. K. 2003. Power-profile driven variable voltage scaling for heterogeneous distributed real-time embedded systems. In Proceedings of International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSI'03). IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 369--375. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Martin, S. M., Flautner, K., Mudge, T., and Blaauw, D. 2002. Combined dynamic voltage scaling and adaptive body biasing for lower power microprocessor under dynamic workload. In Proceedings of ICCAD. ACM Press, New York, NY, 721--725. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schmitz, M. and Al-Hashimi, B. 2001. Considering power variations of DVS processing elements for energy minimisation in distributed systems. In Proceedings of ISSS. ACM Press, New York, NY, 250--255. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schmitz, M. T., Al-Hashimi, B. M., and Eles, P. 2002. Energy-efficient mapping and scheduling for DVS enabled distributed embedded systems. In Proceedings of DATE. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schmitz, M. T., Al-Hashimi, B. M., and Eles, P. 2004. System-Level Design Techniques for Energy-Efficient Embedded Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Buston, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Spall, J. C. 2003. Introduction to Stochastic Search and Optimization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- von Weymarn, M. 2001. Development of a specification model of the EFR vocoder. Tech. rep. ICS-TR-01-35, University of California Irvine.Google Scholar
- Zhang, Y., Hu, X. S., and Chen, D. Z. 2002. Task scheduling and voltage selection for energy minimization. In Proceedings of DAC. ACM Press, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, Y., Hu, X. S., and Chen, D. Z. 2003. Energy minimization of real-time tasks on variable voltage processors with transition energy overhead. In Proceedings of ASP-DAC03. ACM Press, New York, NY, 65--70. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Ultra-fast and efficient algorithm for energy optimization by gradient-based stochastic voltage and task scheduling
Recommendations
System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling
DAC '05: Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation ConferenceDynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a well-known low power design technique that reduces the processor energy by slowing down the DVS processor and stretching the task execution time. But in a DVS system consisting of a DVS processor and multiple devices, ...
Design of Fast and Efficient Energy-Aware Gradient-Based Scheduling Algorithms Heterogeneous Embedded Multiprocessor Systems
In this paper, we present two heuristic energy-aware scheduling algorithms (EGMS and EGMSIV) for scheduling task precedence graphs in an embedded multiprocessor system having processing elements with dynamic voltage scaling capabilities. Unlike most ...
Joint dynamic voltage scaling and adaptive body biasing for heterogeneous distributed real-time embedded systems
While dynamic power consumption has traditionally been the primary source of power consumption, leakage power is becoming an increasingly important concern as technology feature size continues to shrink. Previous system-level approaches focus on ...
Comments