Martin Doerr
Abstract
Decades of research have been devoted to the goal of creating systems which integrate information into a global knowledge network, yet we still face problems of cross-repository interoperability, lack of public infrastructure, and a coherent research agenda—both theoretical and practical—to face these challenges. Interest in the semantic Web has revived the dream, but many are sceptical. This article offers a breakthrough to problems of semantic interoperability and defends the feasibility of a global knowledge network against traditional counterarguments. It offers a new approach based on (i) interdisciplinary research of scholarly and scientific discourse, (ii) a generic global ontological model based on relations and co-reference rather than objects, (iii) semi-automatic maintenance of co-reference links, and (iv) public engagement in the creation and development of the network.
- Aberer, K., Catarci, T., Cudre-Maruroux, P., Dillon, T. S., Grimm, S., Hacid, M.-S., Illarramendi, A., Jarrar, M., Kashyap, V., Mecella, M., Mena, E., Neuhold, E. J., Ouksel, A. M., Risse, T., Scannapieco, M., Saltor, F., Santis, L., Spaccapietra, S., Staab, S., Studer, R., and Troyer, O. 2004. Emergent semantics systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Semantics of a Networked World (ICSNW'04). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3226, 14--43.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Bayardo, R. J., Bohrer, W., Bnee, R., et al. 1997. InfoSleuth: Agent-based semantic integration of information in open and dynamic environments. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. vol. 26, 2, 195--206. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Berners-Lee, T. and Fischetti, M. 1999. Weaving The Web: The Original Design And Ultimate Destiny Of The World Wide Web by its Inventor. Harper Collins, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Berners-Lee, T., Handler, J., and Lassila, O. 2001. The Semantic Web. Scientific American. May.Google Scholar
- Bilenko, M. and Mooney, R. J. 2003. Adaptive duplicate detection using learnable string similarity measures. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD'03). Washington DC, 39--48. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Broder, A., Kumar, R., Maghoul, F., Raghavan, P., Rajagopalan, S., Stata, R., Tomkins, A., and Wiener, J. 2000. Graph structure in the Web. Comput. Netw.: Int. J. Comput. Telecomm. Netw. 33, 1--6, 309--320. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cali, A. 2003. Reasoning in data integration systems: Why LAV and GAV are siblings. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mothodologies for Intelligent System (ISMIS'03). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2871, 562--571.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Calvanese, D., Giacomo, G., Lenzerini, M., Nardi, D., and Rosati, R. 1998. Description logic framework for information integration. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'98). 2--13.Google Scholar
- Cardoso, J. and Sheth, A. Eds. 2006. Semantic Web Services, Processes and Applications. Springer. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cidoc, Crm. 2006. The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/.Google Scholar
- Crofts, N. 1999. Implementing the CIDOC CRM with a relational database. MCN Spectra. 24, 1.Google Scholar
- Crofts, N., Doerr, M., Gill, T., Stead, S., and Stiff M. 2005. Definition of the CIDOC conceptual reference model. http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.2.doc.Google Scholar
- Cycorp, Inc. 2006. What does Cyc knowr? http://www.cyc.com/cyc/technology/whatiscyc_dir/whatdoescycknow.Google Scholar
- Dionissiadou, I. and Doerr, M. 1994. Mapping of material culture to a semantic network. In Proceedings of the 1994 Joint Annual Meeting of the International Council of Museums Documentation Committee and Computer Network. Washington DC.Google Scholar
- Degen, W., Heller, B., Herre, H., and Smith, B. 2001. GOL—Towards an Axiomatized Upper-Level Ontology. Electron. Comput. Sci.Google Scholar
- Dewey, M. 2003. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. Ed. 22. Vol. 1--4, OCLC Forest Press.Google Scholar
- Dodds, L. 2004. An Introduction to FOAF. http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2004/02/04/foaf.html.Google Scholar
- Doerr, M. 2003. The CIDOC CRM—An ontological approach to semantic interoperability of metadata. AI Magazine 24, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Doerr, M., Hunter, J., and Lagoze, C. 2003. Towards a core ontology for information integration. J. Digital Inform. 4, Article 169.Google Scholar
- Doerr, M., Plexousakis, D., Kopaka, K., and Bekiari, C. 2004. Supporting chronological reasoning in archaeology. In Proceedings of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference (CAA'04). Prato, Italy, http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/publications/paperlink/caa2004_supporting_chronological_reasoning.pdf.Google Scholar
- Doerr, M., Schaller, K., and Theodoridou, M. 2004. Integration of complementary archaeological sources. In Proceedings of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference (CAA'04). Prato, Italy. http://www.ics. forth.gr/isl/publications/paperlink/doerr3_caa2004.pdf.Google Scholar
- Doerr, M. and Leboeuf, P. 2006. Modelling intellectual processes: The FRBR—CRM harmonization. In Conference Proceedings of ICOM-CIDOC Annual Meeting. Gothenburg, Sweden. 10--14.Google Scholar
- Doerr, M. and Kritsotaki, A. 2006. Documenting events in metadata. In The e-volution of Information Communication Technology in Cultural Heritage, 56--61.Google Scholar
- Dcmi. 2006. Dublin Core metadata initiative, Making it easier to find information. http://dublincore.org/.Google Scholar
- Dworman, G. O., Kimborough, S. O., and Patch, C. 2000. Pattern-directed search of archives and collections, J. Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci. 51, 1, (Special issue. When museum informatics meets the World Wide Web), 14--23. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fauconnier, G. and Turner, M. 2002. The Way we Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Complexities. Basic Books, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- P. Leboeuf Ed. 2005. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype or Cure-All?. Haworth Press, Inc.Google Scholar
- Gardin, J.-Cl. 1990. The structure of archaeological theories. In Studies in Modern Archaeology, vol. 3, 7--25.Google Scholar
- Genereux, M. and Niccolucci, F. 2006. Extraction and mapping of CIDOC-CRM encodings from texts and other digital formats. In The e-volution of Information Communication Technology in Cultural Heritage, 56--61.Google Scholar
- Gruber, T. R. 1993. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. Inter. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 43, 907--928. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guarino, N. 1998. Formal ontology and information systems. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference. Formal Ontology in Information Systems. Trento, Italy. IOS Press, 3--15Google Scholar
- Guarino, N. and Welty, C. 2001. Identity and subsumption. LADSEB-CNR Internal Report 01/2001.Google Scholar
- Halsall, P. 1997. Modern history sourcebook: The Yalta conference, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945YALTA.html.Google Scholar
- Kim, S., Lewis, P., and Martinez, K. 2004. SCULPTEUR D7.1, Semantic Network of Concepts and their Relationships. http://www.sculpteurweb.org/html/events/D7.1_Public.zip.Google Scholar
- Lagoze, C., Krafft, D. B., Payette, S., and Jesurogai, S. 2005. What Is a digital library anymore, anyway? D-Lib Magazine 11, 11.Google Scholar
- Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
- Levesque, H. J. 1984. Foundations of a functional approach to knowledge representation. AI 23, 2, 155--212. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Levy, A. Y., Rajaraman, A., and Ordille, J. 1996. Querying heterogeneous information sources using source descriptions. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Very Large Databases. Bombay, India, 251--262. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lu, J. J., Nerode, A., and Subrahmanian, V. S. 1996. Hybrid knowledge bases. IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engineering, Volume 8, Issue 5, 773--785, ISSN:1041-434. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Magkanaraki, A., Alexaki, S., Christophides, V., and Plexousakis, D. 2002. Benchmarking RDF schemata for the Semantic Web. In Proceedings of the 1st International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC'02). Sardinia, Italy, Vol. 2342/2002, Springer, Berlin, Germany. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., and Oltramari, A. 2001. The WonderWeb Library of Foundational Ontologies and the DOLCE ontology. http://wonderweb.semanticweb.org/deliverables/documents/D18.pdf.Google Scholar
- Nussbaumer, P. and Haslhofer, B. 2007. CIDOC CRM in action—Experiences and challenges. In Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 532--533. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patel, M., Koch, T., Doerr, M., Tsinaraki, C., Gioldasis, N., Golub, K., and Tudhope, D. 2005. Semantic Interoperability in Digital Library Systems, DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries.Google Scholar
- Podnar, I., Luu, T., Rajman, M., Klemm, F., Aberer, K. 2006. A peer-to-peer architecture for information retrieval across digital library collections. In Proceedings of 10th European Conference (ECDL'06). Alicante, Spain, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 14--25. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rdf Semantics. 2004. W3C Recommendation 2004, version http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/. P. Hayes, Ed. http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/.Google Scholar
- Reed, P.-A. 1995. CIDOC relational data model, A guide. http://www.willpowerinfo.myby.co.uk/cidoc/model/relational.model/datamodel.pdf.Google Scholar
- Roux, V. and Blasco P. 2004. Logicisme et format SCD: d'une épistémologie pratique à de nouvelles pratiques édito-riales Hermès. CNRS-éditions.Google Scholar
- Rodriguez, M. A., Steinbock, D. J., Watkins, J. H., Gershenson, C., Bollen, J., Grey, V., and Degraf, B. 2007. Smartocracy: Social networks for collective decision making. In Proceedings of IEEE Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science (HICSS'07), 90. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ryan, W. and Pitman, W. 1998. Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History. Sinon & Schuster.Google Scholar
- Schorlemmer, M. and Kalfoglou, Y. 2005. Progressive ontology alignment for meaning coordination: an information-theoretic foundation. In Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS'05). Utrecht, Holland. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sinclair, P., Addis, M., Choi, F., Doerr, M., Lewis, P., and Martinez, K. 2006. The use of CRM Core in multimedia annotation. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Semantic Web Annotations for Multimedia (SWAMM'06). Edinburgh, Scotland.Google Scholar
- Smith, B. 2003. Ontology. In The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information, L. Floridi, Ed. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 155--166.Google Scholar
- Sowa, J. F. 1992. Semantic networks. In Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Ed. S. C. Shapiro, Ed. John Wiley, NewYork, NY, 1493--1511.Google Scholar
- Storey, V. C. 2005. Comparing relationships in conceptual modelling: Mapping to semantic classifications. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Engin. 17, 11. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Streitz, N. A., Haake, J. M., Hannemann, J., Lemke, A. C., Schuler, W., Schutt, H. A., and Thuring, M. 1992. SEPIA: A cooperative hypermedia authoring environment. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (ECHT'92), D. Lucarella, J. Nanard, M. Nanard, and P. Paolini, Eds., ACM Press, 11--22. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Toulmin, S. 1958. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
- UMLS® KNOWLEDGE SOURCES. 2000. February Release 2006AA Documentation. US, National Library of medicine, National Institutes of Health. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/archive/2006AA/umlsdoc.html.Google Scholar
- Vincent, K. P. 2005. Text mining methods for event recognition in stories. Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Tech. Rep. kmi-05-02, http://kmi.open.ac.uk/publications/pdf/kmi-05-2.pdf.Google Scholar
- Weibel, S., Iannella, R., and Cathro, W. 1997. The 4th Dublin Core metadata workshop report. D-Lib Magazine.Google Scholar
- Wiederhold, G. 1992. Mediators in the architecture of future information systems. IEEE Computer. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wiggins, D. 2001. Identity and Substance Renewed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.Google Scholar
- Wittgenstein, L. 1984. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Tagebücher 1915--1916. Philosophische Untersuchungen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, Germany.Google Scholar
- Wordnet. 2006. WordNet a lexical database for the English language. http://wordnet.princeton.edu/.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- The dream of a global knowledge network—A new approach
Recommendations
Research between natural and cultural history information: Benefits and IT-requirements for transdisciplinarity
This article describes an approach to transdisciplinary information integration employing a core ontology. Information is modeled here with an ontology based on the CIDOC-Conceptual Reference Model (ISO 21127). When instantiated with some realistic ...
Knowledge network of scientific claims derived from a semantic publication system
16th International Conference on Electronic Publishing --ELPUB 2012 --Social Shaping of Digital Publishing: Exploring the Interplay between Culture and TechnologyCurrently, the conventional communication channel for reporting scientific results is Web electronic publishing of scientific articles in paper print formats, such as PDFs. The emergence of the Semantic Web and Linked Data environment provides new ...
Toward semantic interoperability with linked foundationalontologies in ROMULUS
K-CAP '13: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Knowledge captureA purpose of a foundational ontology is to solve interoperability issues among ontologies. Many foundational ontologies have been developed, re-introducing the ontology interoperability problem. We address this with the new online foundational ontology ...
Reviews
Constantin S Chassapis
The fundamental objective of users seeking information is not to "get an object," which is what happens, for example, after following a Web hyperlink, but to understand a subject. Understanding is unveiled through associations?associations of database records, digital objects, metadata, or indices. Knowledge is understanding?and vice versa. The feasibility of a global knowledge network is not a dream anymore. This is a direct consequence of the line of reasoning presented in this paper, based on a generic global ontological model that is based on relationships and coreference rather than objects. This fine paper presents a work that I can describe as knowledge engineering at its best. Even though the Web is densely linked, the information itself is not generally related in a meaningful way. As Doerr and Iorizzo point out, "current search engines will never be enough because they fail to provide epistemological and historical context of a question which gives results meaning. [T]hey are designed as a tool for information aggregation [,] not knowledge integration." We can distinguish ontologies as: core ontologies for schema semantics, such as "part of," "located at," "used for," and "made from" (these are small and rich); ontologies that are used as categorical data for reference and agreement on ensembles of things, such as "football shoe," "physician," and "African elephant"; and factual background knowledge for reference and agreement. The International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) conceptual reference model (CRM) (ISO21127:2006 standard) is a core ontology?of just 80 classes and 132 properties?that describes the underlying semantics of schemata and structures from all museum disciplines, archives, and libraries. It has been developed by the CIDOC CRM special interest group of the International Council of Museums (ICOM), following an initiative of the Institute of Computer Science of the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (ICS-FORTH). In essence, the CIDOC CRM is a generic model of recording "what has happened." It can generate huge, meaningful networks of knowledge. It possesses a quality that points to its fundamental nature: minimal or no specialization allows for covering new domains. This fine paper will not only be helpful to people who wish to understand the CIDOC CRM, but also to information technology professionals who build knowledge management systems (KMSs) or document management systems (DMSs), as well as to all of us who aspire to build an Internet of knowledge and not only of data, a vehicle for understanding and not only for commerce. Online Computing Reviews Service
Access critical reviews of Computing literature here
Become a reviewer for Computing Reviews.
Comments