Amogh Dhamdhere
ABSTRACT
Our goal is to understand the evolution of the Autonomous System (AS) ecosystem over the last decade. Instead of focusing on abstract topological properties, we classify ASes into a number of "species" depending on their function and business type. Further, we consider the semantics of inter-AS links, in terms of customer-provider versus peering relations. We find that the available historic datasets from RouteViews and RIPE are not sufficient to infer the evolution of peering links, and so we restrict our focus to customer-provider links. Our findings highlight some important trends in the evolution of the Internet over the last decade, and hint at what the Internet is heading towards. After an exponential increase phase until 2001, the Internet now grows linearly in terms of both ASes and inter-AS links. The growth is mostly due to enterprise networks and content/access providers at the periphery of the Internet. The average path length remains almost constant mostly due to the increasing multihoming degree of transit and content/access providers. In recent years, enterprise networks prefer to connect to small transit providers, while content/access providers connect equally to both large and small transit providers. The AS species differ significantly from each other with respect to their rewiring activity; content/access providers are the most active. A few large transit providers act as "attractors" or "repellers" of customers. For many providers, strong attractiveness precedes strong repulsiveness by 3-9 months. Finally, in terms of regional growth, we find that the AS ecosystem is now larger and more dynamic in Europe than in North America.
- R. Albert and A. L. Barabasi. Topology of Evolving Networks: Local Events and Universality. Physical Review Letters 85, 5234, 2000.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- A. L. Barabasi and R. Albert. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science 286 509512, 1999.Google Scholar
- T. Bu and D. Towsley. On Distinguishing Between Internet Power Law Topology Generators. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2002.Google Scholar
- J. M. Carlson and J. Doyle. Highly Optimized Tolerance: A Mechanism for Power Laws in Designed Systems. Physical Review E 60, 1999.Google Scholar
- H. Chang, S. Jamin, Z. M. Mao, and W. Willinger. An Empirical Approach to Modeling Inter-AS Traffic Matrices. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Chang, S. Jamin, and W. Willinger. Internet Connectivity at the AS-level: An Optimization-Driven Modeling Approach. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Models, Methods and Tools for Reproducible Network Research (MoMeTools), 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Chang, S. Jamin, and W. Willinger. To Peer or Not to Peer: Modeling the Evolution of the Internet's AS-Level Topology. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. Chang and W. Willinger. Difficulties Measuring the Internet's AS-Level Ecosystem. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Q. Chen, H. Chang, R. Govindan, S. Jamin, S. Shenker, and W. Willinger. The Origin of Power-Laws in Internet Topologies Revisited. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2002.Google Scholar
- R. Cohen and D. Raz. The Internet Dark Matter - On the Missing Links in the AS Connectivity Map. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- X. Dimitropoulos, D. Krioukov, M. Fomenkov, Y. Hyun, K. Claffy, and G. Riley. AS Relationships: Inference and Validation. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Dimitropoulos, D. Krioukov, G. Riley, and K. Claffy. Revealing the Autonomous System Taxonomy: The Machine Learning Approach. In Proceedings of Passive and Active Measurement Conference (PAM), 2006Google Scholar
- N. Economides. The Economics of the Internet Backbone. Handbook of Telecommunications Economics Ed. S. Majumdar, I. Vogelsang, M. Cave. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 2006.Google Scholar
- A. Fabrikant, E. Koutsoupias, and C. H. Papadimitriou. Heuristically Optimized Trade-Offs: A New Paradigm for Power Laws in the Internet. In ICALP '02: Proceedings of the 29th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Faloutsos, P. Faloutsos, and C. Faloutsos. On Power-law Relationships of the Internet Topology. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Gao. On Inferring Autonomous System Relationships in the Internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 9(6), 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Haddadi, S. Uhlig, A. Moore, R. Mortier, and M. Rio. Modeling internet topology dynamics. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. He, G. Siganos, M. Faloutsos, and S. V. Krishnamurthy. A Systematic Framework for Unearthing the Missing Links: Measurements and Impact. In Proceedings of 4th USENIX/SIGCOMM NSDI, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Huston. The 32-bit AS Number Report. http://www.potaroo.net/tools/asn32.Google Scholar
- E. F. Keller. Revisiting "Scale-free" Networks. BioEssays 27, Wiley Periodicals Inc., 2005.Google Scholar
- D. Krioukov, kc claffy, M. Fomenkov, F. Chung, A. Vespignani, and W. Willinger. The Workshop on Internet Topology (WIT) Report. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Leskovec, J. Kleinberg, and C. Faloutsos. Graph Evolution: Densification and Shrinking Diameters. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (ACM TKDD), 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Magoni and J. J. Pansiot. Analysis of the Autonomous System Network Topology. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Mahadevan, D. Krioukov, M. Fomenkov, B. Huffaker, X. Dimitropoulos, kc claffy, and A. Vahdat. The Internet AS-Level Topology: Three Data Sources and One Definitive Metric. ACM SIGCOMM CCR, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. B. Norton. The Evolution of the U.S. Internet Peering Ecosystem. Equinix white papers, 2004.Google Scholar
- R. Oliveira, D. Pei, W. Willinger, B. Zhang, and L. Zhang. In Search of the Elusive Ground Truth: The Internet's AS-level Connectivity Structure. In Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. V. Oliveira, B. Zhang, and L. Zhang. Observing the Evolution of Internet AS Topology. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Park, D. M. Pennock, and C. L. Giles. Comparing Static and Dynamic Measurements and Models of the Internet's AS Topology. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2004.Google Scholar
- RIPE. RIPE Network Coordination Centre. http://www.ripe.net.Google Scholar
- Routeviews. University of Oregon Route Views Project. http://www.routeviews.org.Google Scholar
- M. A. Serrano, M. Boguna, and A. D. Guilera. Modeling the Internet. The European Physics Journal B, 2006.Google Scholar
- G. Siganos, M. Faloutsos, and C. Faloutsos. The Evolution of the Internet: Topology and Routing. University of California, Riverside technical report.Google Scholar
- L. Subramanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. Katz. Characterizing the Internet hierarchy from Multiple Vantage Points. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. Tangmunarunkit, J. Doyle, R. Govindan, W. Willinger S. Jamin, and S. Shenker. Does AS size Determine Degree in AS Topology? ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Wang and D. Loguinov. Wealth-Based Evolution Model for the Internet AS-Level Topology. In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. H. Yook, H. Jeong, and A. L. Barabasi. Modeling the Internet's Large-scale Topology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Zhang, R. Liu, D. Massey, and L. Zhang. Collecting the Internet AS-level Topology. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. M. Mao, C. Hu, and B. M. Maggs. On the Impact of Route Monitor Selection. In Proceedings ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Zhou. Understanding the Evolution Dynamics of Internet Topology. Physical Review E, vol. 74, 2006Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Ten years in the evolution of the internet ecosystem
Recommendations
Observing the evolution of internet as topology
SIGCOMM '07: Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communicationsCharacterizing the evolution of Internet topology is important to our understanding of the Internet architecture and its interplay with technical, economic and social forces. A major challenge in obtaining empirical data on topology evolution is to ...
Twelve years in the evolution of the internet ecosystem
Our goal is to understand the evolution of the autonomous system (AS) ecosystem over the last 12 years. Instead of focusing on abstract topological properties, we classify ASs into a number of types depending on their function and business type. ...
Study of internet autonomous system interconnectivity from BGP routing tables
Special issue: In memroy of Olga CasalsRecently, several authors have proposed models based on power-laws to characterize Internet topologies. Most of these works use the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) tables published by Oregon Route Views. The adjacency matrix containing AS (autonomous ...
Comments