Suzanne Kieffer
Jean Vanderdonckt
ABSTRACT
User interface design by sketching, as well as other sketching activities, typically involves sketching objects through representations that should combine meaningfulness for the end users and easiness for the recognition engines. To investigate this relationship, a multi-platform user interface design tool has been developed that enables designers to sketch design ideas in multiple levels of fidelity with multi-stroke gestures supporting widget representations and commands. A usability analysis of these activities, as they are submitted to a recognition engine, suggests that the level of fidelity, the amount of constraints imposed on the representations, and the visual difference of representations positively impact the sketching activity as a whole. Implications for further sketch representations in user interface design and beyond are provided based on usability guidelines.
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Index Terms
- User interface design by sketching: a complexity analysis of widget representations
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Reviews
Andrew Brooks
For efficient and effective pen-based sketching of user interface designs, what widget representations are best__?__ To answer this question, the authors of this paper undertook two experiments. The first identified users' preferences for representations. The second involved actual pen-based sketching of widgets using a sketching tool capable of generating runnable user interfaces. The hypothesis that user performance depends on the complexity of widget representation is strongly supported by the results of the second experiment. Table 5 clearly shows how the widget recognition rate was found to worsen as the number of atomic components and constraints of a widget representation increased. Timing data below this table reveal that sketching complex widgets required an average of over seven seconds, and an average of less than two seconds for simple widgets. Table 6 identifies the number of atomic components, the sequence constraint, and the complex inclusion constraint as the main governing factors for sketching time and the number of delete operations. The authors conclude that it is important to minimize the number of constraints to be satisfied if one is to sketch a widget efficiently and effectively. Those who are familiar with goals, operators, methods, and selection (GOMS) keystroke-level modeling will find the results obvious, but they will agree that it is useful to have the empirical foundation and the treatment of complexity characterization that this study provides. Criticisms of this paper include the failure to discuss widget palettes with drag-and-drop functionality, and the failure to discuss pattern-based user interface design. Despite these criticisms, I strongly recommend this paper to human-computer interaction specialists. Online Computing Reviews Service
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