ABSTRACT
Color vision deficiencies (CVDs) cause problems in situations where people need to differentiate the colors used in digital displays. Recoloring tools exist to reduce the problem, but these tools need a model of the user's color-differentiation ability in order to work. Situation-specific models are a recent approach that accounts for all of the factors affecting a person's CVD (including genetic, acquired, and environmental causes) by using calibration data to form the model. This approach works well, but requires repeated calibration - and the best available calibration procedure takes more than 30 minutes. To address this limitation, we have developed a new situation-specific model of human color differentiation (called ICD-2) that needs far fewer calibration trials. The new model uses a color space that better matches human color vision compared to the RGB space of the old model, and can therefore extract more meaning from each calibration test. In an empirical comparison, we found that ICD-2 is 24 times faster than the old approach, and had small but significant gains in accuracy. The efficiency of ICD-2 makes it feasible for situation-specific models of individual color differentiation to be used in the real world.
- Birch, J., Barbur, J., Harlow, A. New Method Based on Random Luminance Masking for Measuring Isochromatic Zones Using High Resolution Colour Displays. Opthal. Physiol. Opt. 12(2), 1992, 133--136.Google Scholar
- Birch, J. Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision. 2nd ed., 2001.Google Scholar
- Birch, J. Extreme Anomalous Trichromatism. In Mollon, Pokorny, and Knoblauch, eds., Normal and Defective Colour Vision. Oxford University Press, 2003, 364--369.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Brettel, H., Viénot, F., Mollon, J. Computerized Simulation of Color Appearance for Dichromats. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 14(10), 1997, 2647--2655.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cole, B. The Handicap of Abnormal Colour Vision. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 87(4--5), 2004, 258--275.Google Scholar
- Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Colorimetry, 2nd ed., CIE Publication 15.2, 1986.Google Scholar
- Fitzgibbon, A., Pilu, M., Fisher, R. Direct Least Squares Fitting of Ellipses. Trans. PAMI, 21(5), 1999, 476--480. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Flatla, D. R., Gutwin, C. Individual Models of Color Differentiation to Improve Interpretability of Information Visualization. Proc. CHI 2010, 2563--2572. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Halir, R., Flusser, J. Numerically Stable Direct Least Squares Fitting of Ellipses. Proc. WSCG 1998, 59--108.Google Scholar
- Jefferson, L., Harvey, R. Accommodating Color Blind Computer Users. Proc. ASSETS 2006, 40--47. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jefferson, L., Harvey, R. An Interface to Support Color Blind Computer Users. Proc. CHI 2007, 1535--1538. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kuhn, G., Oliveira, M., Fernandes, L. An Efficient Naturalness-Preserving Image-Recoloring Method for Dichromats. IEEE Trans. Vis. and Comp. Graphics 14(6), 2008, 1747--1754. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lindbloom, B. Website: www.brucelindbloom.com. Last accessed May 6th, 2011.Google Scholar
- Lomax, R., Ridgway P., Meldrum M. Does Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents Affect Colour Discrimination? Toxicological Reviews, 23(2), 2004, 91--121.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Machado, G., Oliveira, M., Fernandes, L. A Physiologically-based Model for Simulation of Color Vision Deficiency. IEEE Trans. Vis. & Comp. Graph. 15(6), 2009, 1291--1298. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Meyer, G., Greenburg, D. Color-Defective Vision and Computer Graphics Displays. IEEE Comp. Graph. & Appl., 8(5), 1988, 28--40. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Neitz J., Jacobs, G. Polymorphism of the Long-Wavelength Cone in Normal Human Colour Vision. Nature, 323, 1986, 623--625.Google Scholar
- Zoirson, A., Wandell, B. The Ellipsoidal Representation of Spectral Sensitivity. Vision Research, 30(4), 1990, 647--652.Google Scholar
- Rasche, K., Geist R., Westall, J. Detail Preserving Repro-duction of Color Images for Monochromats and Dichromats. IEEE Comp. Graph. & Appl., 25(3), 2005, 22--30. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rasche, K., Geist R., Westall, J. Re-coloring Images for Gamuts of Lower Dimension. Computer Graphics Forum, 24(3), 2005, 423--432.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Regan, B., Reffin, J., Mollon, J. Luminance Noise and the Rapid Determination of Discrimination Ellipses in Colour Deficiency. Vision Research, 34(10), 1994, 1279--1299.Google Scholar
- Sears, A., Lin, M., Jacko, J., Xiao, Y. When Computers Fade: Pervasive Computing and Situationally-Induced Im-pairments and Disabilities. Proc. HCI Int. 2003, 1298--1302.Google Scholar
- Stone, M. A Field Guide to Digital Color. 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tufte, E. Envisioning Information. 10th ed., 1990.Google Scholar
- Viénot, F., Brettel, H., Ott, L., Ben M'Barek, A., Mollon, J. What Do Colour-Blind People See? Nat. 376, 1995, 127--128.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wakita, K., Shimamura, K. SmartColor: Disambiguation Framework for the Colorblind. Proc. ASSETS 2005, 158--165. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ware, C. Information Visualization: Perception for Design. 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wyszecki, G., Stiles, W. Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae. 2nd ed., 2000..Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Improving calibration time and accuracy for situation-specific models of color differentiation
Recommendations
Chroma: a wearable augmented-reality solution for color blindness
UbiComp '14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous ComputingColor blindness is a highly prevalent vision impairment that inhibits people's ability to understand colors. Although classified as a mild disability, color blindness has important effects on the daily activity of people, preventing them from performing ...
Situation-Specific Models of Color Differentiation
Color is commonly used to represent categories and values in computer applications, but users with Color-Vision Deficiencies (CVD) often have difficulty differentiating these colors. Recoloring tools have been developed to address the problem, but ...
Individual models of color differentiation to improve interpretability of information visualization
CHI '10: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsColor is commonly used to represent categories and values in many computer applications, but differentiating these colors can be difficult in many situations (e.g., for users with color vision deficiency (CVD), or in bright light). Current solutions to ...
Comments