ABSTRACT
In recent times, two virtualization approaches have become dominant: hardware-level and operating system-level virtualization. They differ by where they draw the virtualization boundary between the virtualizing and the virtualized part of the system, resulting in vastly different properties. We argue that these two approaches are extremes in a continuum, and that boundaries in between the extremes may combine several good properties of both. We propose abstractions to make up one such new virtualization boundary, which combines hardware-level flexibility with OS-level resource sharing. We implement and evaluate a first prototype.
- GNU Hurd -- subhurds. http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd/subhurd.html.Google Scholar
- R. Appuswamy, D. C. van Moolenbroek, and A. S. Tanenbaum. Loris - A Dependable, Modular File-Based Storage Stack. In Dependable Computing (PRDC), 2010 IEEE 16th Pacific Rim International Symposium on, pages 165--174. IEEE, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Appuswamy, D. C. van Moolenbroek, and A. S. Tanenbaum. Flexible, modular file volume virtualization in Loris. In Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2011 IEEE 27th Symposium on, pages 1--14. IEEE, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho, R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. Xen and the Art of Virtualization. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP '03, pages 164--177, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- O. Buddenhagen. Advanced Lightweight Virtualization. http://tri-ceps.blogspot.com/2007/10/advanced-lightweight-virtualization.html, 2007.Google Scholar
- E. Bugnion, S. Devine, K. Govil, and M. Rosenblum. Disco: Running Commodity Operating Systems on Scalable Multiprocessors. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., 15(4):412--447, Nov. 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C.-R. Chang, J.-J. Wu, and P. Liu. An empirical study on memory sharing of virtual machines for server consolidation. In Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications (ISPA), 2011 IEEE 9th International Symposium on, pages 244--249. IEEE, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. M. Chen and B. D. Noble. When virtual is better than real. In Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, HotOS '01, pages 133--, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Clark, K. Fraser, S. Hand, J. G. Hansen, E. Jul, C. Limpach, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. Live Migration of Virtual Machines. In Proceedings of the 2Nd Conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2, NSDI'05, pages 273--286, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. E. Denehy, A. C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and R. H. Arpaci-Dusseau. Bridging the Information Gap in Storage Protocol Stacks. In The Proc. of the USENIX Ann. Tech. Conf. (USENIX '02), pages 177--190, June 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Eiraku, Y. Shinjo, C. Pu, Y. Koh, and K. Kato. Fast networking with socket-outsourcing in hosted virtual machine environments. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, pages 310--317. ACM, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Factor, K. Meth, D. Naor, O. Rodeh, and J. Satran. Object storage: The future building block for storage systems. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technology, LGDI '05, pages 119--123, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Ford, M. Hibler, J. Lepreau, P. Tullmann, G. Back, and S. Clawson. Microkernels meet recursive virtual machines. In Proc. of the second USENIX symposium on Operating systems design and implementation, OSDI'96, pages 137--151, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Garfinkel and M. Rosenblum. A Virtual Machine Introspection Based Architecture for Intrusion Detection. In Proc. Network and Distributed Systems Security Symposium, pages 191--206, 2003.Google Scholar
- A. Gefflaut, T. Jaeger, Y. Park, J. Liedtke, K. J. Elphinstone, V. Uhlig, J. E. Tidswell, L. Deller, and L. Reuther. The SawMill multiserver approach. In Proceedings of the 9th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop, pages 109--114. ACM, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. A. Gibson, D. F. Nagle, K. Amiri, J. Butler, F. W. Chang, H. Gobioff, C. Hardin, E. Riedel, D. Rochberg, and J. Zelenka. A cost-effective, high-bandwidth storage architecture. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ASPLOS VIII, pages 92--103, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. P. Goldberg. Survey of Virtual Machine Research. IEEE Computer, 7(6):34--45, 1974. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. P. Goldberg and R. Hassinger. The double paging anomaly. In Proceedings of the May 6-10, 1974, national computer conference and exposition, pages 195--199. ACM, 1974. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Gosling. The Java language specification. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Gupta, L. Cherkasova, R. Gardner, and A. Vahdat. Enforcing Performance Isolation Across Virtual Machines in Xen. In Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 2006 International Conference on Middleware, Middleware '06, pages 342--362, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Härtig. Security Architectures Revisited. In Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on ACM SIGOPS European Workshop, EW 10, pages 16--23, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Härtig, M. Hohmuth, J. Liedtke, J. Wolter, and S. Schönberg. The performance of μ-kernel-based systems. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP '97, pages 66--77, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Heiser and B. Leslie. The OKL4 Microvisor: Convergence Point of Microkernels and Hypervisors. In Proceedings of the First ACM Asia-pacific Workshop on Workshop on Systems, APSys '10, pages 19--24, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Hruby, D. Vogt, H. Bos, and A. S. Tanenbaum. Keep net working-on a dependable and fast networking stack. In Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2012 42nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on, pages 1--12. IEEE, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Jannen, C.-C. Tsai, and D. E. Porter. Virtualize storage, not disks. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, HotOS'13, pages 3--3, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. T. Jones, A. C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and R. H. Arpaci-Dusseau. Geiger: Monitoring the Buffer Cache in a Virtual Machine Environment. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ASPLOS XII, pages 14--24, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. K. Josephson, L. A. Bongo, D. Flynn, and K. Li. DFS: A File System for Virtualized Flash Storage. In FAST'10: Proc. of the Eighth USENIX Conf. on File and Storage Technologies. USENIX Association, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P.-H. Kamp and R. N. Watson. Jails: Confining the omnipotent root. In Proceedings of the 2nd International SANE Conference, volume 43, page 116, 2000.Google Scholar
- D. Kim, H. Kim, M. Jeon, E. Seo, and J. Lee. Guest-aware priority-based virtual machine scheduling for highly consolidated server. In Proceedings of the 14th International Euro-Par Conference on Parallel Processing, Euro-Par '08, pages 285--294, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Kim, H. Jo, and J. Lee. XHive: Efficient Cooperative Caching for Virtual Machines. IEEE Trans. Comput., 60(1):106--119, Jan. 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. F. Kloster, J. Kristensen, and A. Mejlholm. Determining the use of interdomain shareable pages using kernel introspection. Technical report, Aalborg University, 2007.Google Scholar
- K. Klues, B. Rhoden, Y. Zhu, A. Waterman, and E. Brewer. Processes and resource management in a scalable many-core OS. HotPar '10, 2010.Google Scholar
- A. Krioukov, L. N. Bairavasundaram, G. R. Goodson, K. Srinivasan, R. Thelen, A. C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and R. H. Arpaci-Dussea. Parity lost and parity regained. In Proc. of the Sixth USENIX conf. on File and storage technologies, FAST'08, pages 1--15, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Lackorzyński, A. Warg, M. Völp, and H. Härtig. Flattening hierarchical scheduling. In Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Conference on Embedded Software, EMSOFT '12, pages 93--102, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. R. Lange and P. Dinda. SymCall: Symbiotic Virtualization Through VMM-to-guest Upcalls. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments, VEE '11, pages 193--204, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- I. M. Leslie, D. McAuley, R. Black, T. Roscoe, P. Barham, D. Evers, R. Fairbairns, and E. Hyden. The design and implementation of an operating system to support distributed multimedia applications. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, 14(7):1280--1297, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Lu and K. Shen. Virtual machine memory access tracing with hypervisor exclusive cache. In Usenix Annual Technical Conference, pages 29--43, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Magenheimer, C. Mason, D. McCracken, and K. Hackel. Paravirtualized paging. In Proceedings of the First Conference on I/O Virtualization, WIOV'08, pages 6--6, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Miller, F. Franz, M. Rittinghaus, M. Hillenbrand, and F. Bellosa. XLH: More Effective Memory Deduplication Scanners Through Cross-layer Hints. In Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX Conference on Annual Technical Conference, USENIX ATC'13, pages 279--290, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Miłós, D. G. Murray, S. Hand, and M. A. Fetterman. Satori: enlightened page sharing. In Proceedings of the 2009 conference on USENIX ATC USENIX Association, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Nikolaev and G. Back. Virtuos: An operating system with kernel virtualization. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP '13, pages 116--132, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Osman, D. Subhraveti, G. Su, and J. Nieh. The design and implementation of Zap: A system for migrating computing environments. In In Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pages 361--376, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Pfaff, T. Garfinkel, and M. Rosenblum. Virtualization Aware File Systems: Getting Beyond the Limitations of Virtual Disks. In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 3, NSDI'06, pages 26--26, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Price and A. Tucker. Solaris zones: Operating system support for consolidating commercial workloads. In LISA, pages 241--254, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Raj and K. Schwan. O2S2: Enhanced Object-based Virtualized Storage. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 42(6):24--29, Oct. 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Roscoe, K. Elphinstone, and G. Heiser. Hype and virtue. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX workshop on Hot topics in operating systems, page 4. USENIX Association, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Soares and M. Stumm. FlexSC: Flexible system call scheduling with exception-less system calls. In Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation, pages 1--8. USENIX Association, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Soltesz, H. Pötzl, M. E. Fiuczynski, A. Bavier, and L. Peterson. Container-based Operating System Virtualization: A Scalable, High-performance Alternative to Hypervisors. In Proc. of the Second ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conf. on Computer Systems, EuroSys'07, pages 275--287, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Tadokoro, K. Kourai, and S. Chiba. A secure system-wide process scheduler across virtual machines. In Dependable Computing (PRDC), 2010 IEEE 16th Pacific Rim International Symposium on, pages 27--36. IEEE, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. S. Tanenbaum and A. S. Woodhull. Operating Systems Design and Implementation (Third Edition). Prentice Hall, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Tarasov, D. Jain, D. Hildebrand, R. Tewari, G. Kuenning, and E. Zadok. Improving I/O Performance Using Virtual Disk Introspection. In Presented as part of the 5th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. van Heuven van Staereling, R. Appuswamy, D. C. van Moolenbroek, and A. S. Tanenbaum. Efficient, Modular Metadata Management with Loris. In Proc. 6th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage, pages 278--287. IEEE, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. C. van Moolenbroek, R. Appuswamy, and A. S. Tanenbaum. Integrated End-to-End Dependability in the Loris Storage Stack. In HotDep, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. C. van Moolenbroek, R. Appuswamy, and A. S. Tanenbaum. Transaction-based Process Crash Recovery of File System Namespace Modules. In Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. A. Waldspurger. Memory Resource Management in VMware ESX Server. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 36(SI):181--194, Dec. 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Weinhold and H. Härtig. VPFS: Building a Virtual Private File System with a Small Trusted Computing Base. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2008, Eurosys '08, pages 81--93, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Wentzlaff and A. Agarwal. Factored operating systems (fos): the case for a scalable operating system for multicores. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 43(2):76--85, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Whitaker, M. Shaw, and S. D. Gribble. Scale and performance in the Denali isolation kernel. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 36(SI):195--209, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Williamson. XenFS, 2009.Google Scholar
- B. Yee, D. Sehr, G. Dardyk, J. B. Chen, R. Muth, T. Ormandy, S. Okasaka, N. Narula, and N. Fullagar. Native client: A sandbox for portable, untrusted x86 native code. In Security and Privacy, 2009 30th IEEE Symposium on, pages 79--93. IEEE, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Yu, F. Guo, S. Nanda, L.-c. Lam, and T.-c. Chiueh. A Feather-weight Virtual Machine for Windows Applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments, VEE '06, pages 24--34, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Towards a Flexible, Lightweight Virtualization Alternative
Recommendations
Improving machine virtualisation with 'hotplug memory'
Machine virtualisation is a key technology for server consolidation and on-demand server provisioning. To support this trend, it is essential to improve the performance of virtualisation software and enable the efficient running of many virtual ...
Towards a secure and lightweight network function virtualisation environment
Cloud computing has deeply affected the structure of modern ICT infrastructures. It represents an enabling technology for novel paradigms such as Network Function Virtualisation (NFV), which proposes the virtualisation of network functions to enhance the ...
Comments