Abstract
Moore's law and the continuity of device scaling have led to an increasing number of cores/nodes on a chip, creating a need for new mechanisms to achieve high-performance and power-efficient Network-on-Chip (NoC). Nanophotonics based NoCs provide for higher bandwidth and more power efficient designs than electronic networks. Present approaches often use an external laser source, ring resonators, and waveguides. However, they still suffer from important limitations: large static power consumption, and limited network scalability.
In this article, we explore the use of emerging molecular scale devices to construct nanophotonic networks: Molecular-scale Network-on-Chip (mNoC). We leverage on-chip emitters such as quantum dot LEDs, which provide electrical to optical signal modulation, and chromophores, which provide optical signal filtering for receivers. These devices replace the ring resonators and the external laser source used in contemporary nanophotonic NoCs. They reduce energy consumption or enable scaling to larger crossbars for a reduced energy budget. We present a Single Writer Multiple Reader (SWMR) bus based crossbar mNoC. Our evaluation shows that an mNoC can achieve more than 88% reduction in energy for a 64×64 crossbar compared to similar ring resonator based designs. Additionally, an mNoC can scale to a 256×256 crossbar with an average 10% performance improvement and 54% energy reduction.
- P. O. Anikeeva, C. F. Madigan, J. E. Halpert, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulović. 2008. Electronic and excitonic processes in light-emitting devices based on organic materials and colloidal quantum dots. Phys. Rev. B 78, 8, 085434.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Arians, A. Gust, T. Kummell, C. Kruse, S. Zaitsev, G. Bacher, and D. Hommel. 2008. Electrically driven single quantum dot emitter operating at room temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 17, 173506--173506.Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. Barrow-Williams, C. Fensch, and S. Moore. 2009. A communication characterisation of Splash-2 and Parsec. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC'09). IEEE, 86--97. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Biberman, K. Preston, G. Hendry, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Chan, J. S. Levy, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman. 2011. Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 7, 2, 7. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Binkert, B. Beckmann, G. Black, et al. 2011a. The gem5 simulator. ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 39, 2, 1--7. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Binkert, A. Davis, N. P. Jouppi, M. McLaren, N. Muralimanohar, R. Schreiber, and J. H. Ahn. 2011b. The role of optics in future high radix switch design. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. ACM, 437--448. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Canton, R. Ricco, F. Marinello, S. Carmignato, and F. Enrichi. 2011. Modified Stöber synthesis of highly luminescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res. 13, 9, 4349--4356.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Chan, G. Hendry, K. Bergman, and L. P. Carloni. 2011. Physical-layer modeling and system-level design of chip-scale photonic interconnection networks. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 30, 10, 1507--1520. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Chen, H. Chen, M. Haurylau, N. A. Nelson, D. H. Albonesi, P. M. Fauchet, and E. G. Friedman. 2007. Predictions of CMOS compatible on-chip optical interconnect. Integration VLSI J. 40, 4, 434--446. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Chen, L. Zhang, Y. Fei, and T. Cao. 2012. Bistability and self-pulsation phenomena in silicon microring resonators based on nonlinear optical effects. Opt. Express 20, 7, 7454--7468.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. J. Cianchetti, J. C. Kerekes, and D. H. Albonesi. 2009. Phastlane: a rapid transit optical routing network. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. 441--450. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Dwyer and A. R. Lebeck. 2007. Introduction to DNA Self-Assembled Computer Design. Artech House, Inc., Norwood, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Feng, S. Liao, P. Dong, et al. 2009. High-speed Ge photodetector monolithically integrated with large cross-section silicon-on-insulator waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 261105.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Gopal, K. Hoshino, S. Kim, and X. Zhang. 2009. Multi-color colloidal quantum dot based light emitting diodes micropatterned on silicon hole transporting layers. Nanotechnology 20, 23, 235201.Google ScholarCross Ref
- F. Hargart, C. A. Kessler, T. Schwarzback, E. Koroknay, S. Weidenfeld, M. Jetter, and P. Michler. 2013. Electrically driven quantum dot single-photon source at 2 GHz excitation repetition rate with ultra-low emission time jitter. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 1, 011126--011126.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Joshi, C. Batten, Y. J. Kwon, S. Beamer, I. Shamim, K. Asanovic, and V. Stojanovic. 2009. Silicon-photonic clos networks for global on-chip communication. In Proceedings of the 2009 3rd ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip. IEEE, 124--133. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Kim, W. J. Dally, B. Towles, and A. K. Gupta. 2005. Microarchitecture of a high-radix router. ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 33. 420--431. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. H. Kim, D. L. Nguyen, H. Lim, P. T. Nga, Y. H. Cho, and others. 2011. Shell layer dependence of photoblinking in CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 012109.Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. A. Kim, P. O. Anikeeva, S. A. Coe-Sullivan, J. S. Steckel, M. G. Bawendi, and V. Bulovic. 2008. Contact printing of quantum dot light-emitting devices. Nano Lett. 8, 12, 4513--4517.Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. Kirman, M. Kirman, R. K. Dokania, J. F. Martinez, A. B. Apsel, M. A. Watkins, and D. H. Albonesi. 2006. Leveraging optical technology in future bus-based chip multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. IEEE, 492--503. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Kümmell, R. Arians, A. Gust, C. Kruse, S. Zaitsev, D. Hommel, and G. Bacher. 2009. Electrically driven room temperature operation of a single quantum dot emitter. Proc. SPIE, 7211, 72110G.Google Scholar
- J. R. Lakowicz. 2006. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Vol. 1. Springer.Google Scholar
- H. Langhais. 1995. Cyclic carboxylic imide structures as structure elements of high stability novel developments in perylene dye chemistry. Heterocycles-Sendai Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry 40, 1, 477.Google Scholar
- H. Langhals. 2005. Control of the interactions in multichromophores: Novel concepts. Perylene bis-imides as components for larger functional units. Helv. Chim. Acta 88, 6, 1309--1343.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. Langhals, J. Karolin, and L. B. A. Johansson. 1998. Spectroscopic properties of new and convenient standards for measuring fluorescence quantum yields. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Transactions 94, 19, 2919--2922.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Le Beux, I. O'Connor, G. Nicolescu, G. Bois, and P. Paulin. 2013. Reduction methods for adapting optical network on chip topologies to 3D architectures. Microprocessors and Microsystems 37, 1, 87--98. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Le Beux, J. Trajkovic, I. O'Connor, G. Nicolescu, G. Bois, and P. Paulin. 2010. Multi-optical network-on-chip for large scale MPSoC. IEEE Embedded Sys. Lett. 2, 3, 77--80. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Li, D. Fay, A. Mickelson, L. Shang, M. Vachharajani, D. Filipovic, W. Park, and Y. Sun. 2009. Spectrum: A hybrid nanophotonic electric on-chip network. In Proceedings of the 46th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC'09). IEEE, 575--580. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Li, M. Mohamed, X. Chen, H. Zhou, A. Mickelson, L. Shang, and M. Vachharajani. 2011. Iris: A hybrid nanophotonic network design for high-performance and low-power on-chip communication. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 7, 2, 8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Liao, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, et al. 2011. 36 GHz submicron silicon waveguide germanium photodetector. Opt. Express 19, 11, 10967--10972.Google ScholarCross Ref
- O. Liboiron-Ladouceur, I. Cerutti, P. G. Raponi, N. Andriolli, and P. Castoldi. 2011. Energy-efficient design of a scalable optical multiplane interconnection architecture. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 2, 377--383.Google ScholarCross Ref
- O. Liboiron-Ladouceur, A. Shacham, B. A. Small, B. G. Lee, H. Wang, C. P. Lai, A. Biberman, and K. Bergman. 2008. The data vortex optical packet switched interconnection network. J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 13, 1777--1789.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. S. Mashford, M. Stevenson, Z. Popovic, et al. 2013. High-efficiency quantum-dot light-emitting devices with enhanced charge injection. Nature Photonics.Google Scholar
- J. E. Miller, H. Kasture, G. Kurian, C. Gruenwald, N. Beckmann, C. Celio, J. Eastep, and A. Agarwal. 2010. Graphite: A distributed parallel simulator for multicores. In Proceedings of the IEEE 16th International Symposium onHigh Performance Computer Architecture. IEEE, 1--12.Google Scholar
- C. Nitta, M. Farrens, and V. Akella. 2011. Addressing system-level trimming issues in on-chip nanophotonic networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture. IEEE, 122--131. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Ow, D. R. Larson, M. Srivastava, B. A. Baird, W. W. Webb, and U. Wiesner. 2005. Bright and stable core-shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 5, 1, 113--117.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Y. Pan, J. Kim, and G. Memik. 2010. Flexishare: Channel sharing for an energy-efficient nanophotonic crossbar. In Proceedings of the IEEE 16th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture. IEEE, 1--12.Google Scholar
- Y. Pan, P. Kumar, J. Kim, G. Memik, Y. Zhang, and A. Choudhary. 2009. Firefly: Illuminating future network-on-chip with nanophotonics. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Pang, C. Dwyer, and A. R. Lebeck. 2013. Exploiting emerging technologies for nanoscale photonic networks-on-chip. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Network on Chip Architectures. ACM, 53--58. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Park, Y. Kuo, A. W. Fang, R. Jones, O. Cohen, M. J. Paniccia, and J. E. Bowers. 2007a. A hybrid AlGaInAssilicon evanescent preamplifier and photodetector. Opt. Express 15, 21, 230--232.Google ScholarCross Ref
- I. K. Park, M. K. Kwon, J. O. Kim, S. B. Seo, J. Y. Kim, J. H. Lim, S. J. Park, and Y. S. Kim. 2007b. Green light-emitting diodes with self-assembled In-rich InGaN quantum dots. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 133105.Google ScholarCross Ref
- G. Priem, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, D. Van Thourhout, G. Morthier, and R. Baets. 2006. Nonlinear effects in ultrasmall silicon-on-insulator ring resonators. Proc. SPIE 6183.Google Scholar
- L. Ramini, P. Grani, H.T. Fankem, A. Ghiribaldi, S. Bartolini, and D. Bertozzi. 2014. Assessing the energy break-even point between an optical NoC architecture and an aggressive electronic baseline. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation & Test in Europe. European Design and Automation Association. 308. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Rurack and M. Spieles. 2011. Fluorescence Quantum Yields of a Series of Red and Near-Infrared Dyes Emitting at 600--1000nm. Anal. Chem. 83, 4, 1232--1242.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Sahni, X. Luo, J. Liu, Y. Xie, and E. Yablonovitch. 2008. Junction field-effect-transistor-based germanium photodetector on silicon-on-insulator. Opt. Lett. 33, 1138--1140.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Sahni, E. Yablonovitch, J. Liu, and Y. Xie. 2007. Germanium-on-SOI photo-detector based on an FET structure. In Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Optical Society of America.Google Scholar
- L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur. 2003. Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding. Nature 426, 6968, 816--819.Google Scholar
- B. Valeur. 2001. Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications. Wiley.Google Scholar
- D. Vantrease, R. Schreiber, M. Monchiero, M. McLaren, N. P. Jouppi, M. Fiorentino, A. Davis, N. Binkert, R. G. Beausoleil, and J. H. Ahn. 2008. Corona: System implications of emerging nanophotonic technology. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. IEEE, 153--164. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Wang, W. Y. Loh, K. T. Chua, H. Zang, Y. Z. Xiong, T. H. Loh, M. B. Yu, S. J. Lee, G. Q. Lo, and D. L. Kwong. 2008. Evanescent-coupled Ge pin photodetectors on Si-waveguide with SEG-Ge and comparative study of lateral and vertical pin configurations. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29, 5, 445--448.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. C. Woo, M. Ohara, E. Torrie, J. P. Singh, and A. Gupta. 1995. The SPLASH-2 programs: characterization and methodological considerations. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. ACM, 24--36. Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Wood and V. Bulović. 2010. Colloidal quantum dot light-emitting devices. Nano Rev. 1.Google Scholar
- Y. Xu, J. Yang, and R. Melhem. 2012. Tolerating process variations in nanophotonic on-chip networks. In Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Computer Architecture. IEEE, 142--152. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Ye, J. Xu, X. Wu, W. Zhang, W. Liu, and M. Nikdast. 2012. A torus-based hierarchical optical-electronic network-on-chip for multiprocessor system-on-chip. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 8, 1, 5. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. P. Yupapin, C. Teeka, and P. Chitsakul. 2006. Mathematical simulation of nonlinear effects in micro ring resonator. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies-Nanoelectronics. IEEE, 316--321.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- mNoC: Large Nanophotonic Network-on-Chip Crossbars with Molecular Scale Devices
Recommendations
Exploiting emerging technologies for nanoscale photonic networks-on-chip
NoCArc '13: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Network on Chip ArchitecturesIn this paper, we explore the use of emerging molecular scale devices to construct nanophotonic networks --- called Molecular-scale Network-on-Chip (mNoC). We leverage quantum dot LEDs, which provide electrical to optical signal modulation, and ...
Enabling High-Performance Crossbars through a Floorplan-Aware Design
ICPP '12: Proceedings of the 2012 41st International Conference on Parallel ProcessingNetworks-on-Chip (NoC) with low-radix switches forming a simple and planar topology is typically accepted as the right interconnection infrastructure for current Chip Multi Processor and high-end Multi Processor System-on-Chip. This is mainly due to its ...
Design of a Partially Buffered Crossbar Router for Mesh-Based Network-on-Chips
HPCC '11: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and CommunicationsWith an increase in the number of transistors on-chip, the complexity of the system also increases. In order to cope with the growing interconnection infrastructure, the Networks-on-chip (NoC) concept was introduced. The router plays an important role ...
Comments