skip to main content
research-article

When brain computer interfaces move from research to commercial use

Published:05 January 2016Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

This paper will explore how ethical concerns change when brain computer interfaces move from a research setting into a commercial setting. This paper will argue that the transition from research to commercial settings might change the intentions for the artefact and will explore hypothesis of what this change might affect. This paper will discuss how possible intentions for brain computer interfaces in commercial settings will have an impact on the products developed and what consequences this might have for individuals and society. The ethical concerns discussed in this paper includes privacy, enhancement and the digital divide. This paper will also present possible future research which could help investigate both the hypothesis put forward and the topic of brain computer interfaces moving from research to commercial settings in general.

References

  1. Arstila, V. and Scott, F. 2011. Brain Reading and Mental Privacy. Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. 15, 2 (2011), 204--212.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Ball, J. W. 2011. Addressing and overcoming the digital divide in schools. The health education monograph. 28, 3 (2011), 56--59.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Biosensor Technology | NeuroSky: http://neurosky.com/. Accessed: 2014-11-28.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Bonaci, T., Calo, R. and Chizeck, H. J. 2014. App stores for the brain: Privacy & security in Brain-Computer Interfaces. 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Science, Technology and Engineering (May 2014), 1--7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. Bos, D. P. 2014. Improving usability through post-processing.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. Corralejo, R., Member, S., Member, S., Álvarez, D., Hornero, R. and Member, S. 2014. Assessment of Neurofeedback Training by means of Motor Imagery based - BCI for Cognitive Rehabilitation. (2014), 3630--3633.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Crossing the Digital Divide: Bridges and Barriers to Digital Inclusion: 2011. http://www.edutopia.org/digital-divide-technology-access-inclusion. Accessed: 2015-06-02.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Davidson, D. 1963. ACTIONS, REASONS, AND CAUSES. The Journal of Philosophy. 60, 23 (1963), 685--700.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. DiMaggio, P., Hargittati, E., Celeste, C. and Shafer, S. 2004. Digital Inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use. Social inequality. K. Neckerman, ed. Russel Sage Foundation. 355--400.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Emotiv | EEG System | Electroencephalography: http://emotiv.com/. Accessed: 2014-11-28.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Van Erp, J., Lotte, F. and Tangermann, M. 2012. Brain-Computer Interfaces: Beyond Medical Applications. Computer. 45, 4 (2012), 26--34. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Friedman, B. and Kahn, Jr., P. H. 2003. Human Values, Ethics, and Design. The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Grimpe, B., Hartswood, M. and Jirotka, M. 2014. Towards a Closer Dialogue between Policy and Practice : Responsible Design in HCI. (2014), 2965--2974. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Haselager, P., Vlek, R., Hill, J. and Nijboer, F. 2009. A note on ethical aspects of BCI. Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society. 22, 9 (Nov. 2009), 1352--7. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Hempel, L., Ostermeier, L., Schaaf, T. and Vedder, D. 2013. Towards a social impact assessment of security technologies: A bottom-up approach. Science and Public Policy. 40, 6 (Dec. 2013), 740--754.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Introduction to Modern Brain-Computer Interface Design: 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wlwvgm3AHvc&index=1&list=PLbbCsk7MUIGcO_lZMbyymWU2UezVHNaMq. Accessed: 2015-04-27.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Kübler, a., Nijboer, F., Mellinger, J., Vaughan, T. M., Pawelzik, H., Schalk, G., McFarland, D. J., Birbaumer, N. and Wolpaw, J. R. 2005. Patients with ALS can use sensorimotor rhythms to operate a brain-computer interface. Neurology. 64, (2005), 1775--1777.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Nijboer, F., Clausen, J., Allison, B. Z. and Haselager, P. 2013. The asilomar survey: Stakeholders' opinions on ethical issues related to brain-computer interfacing. Neuroethics. 6, (2013), 541--578.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Nissenbaum, H. 2001. How computer systems embody values. Computer. 34, 3 (2001). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Owen, R., Macnaghten, P. and Stilgoe, J. 2012. Responsible research and innovation: From science in society to science for society, with society. Science and Public Policy. 39, 6 (Dec. 2012), 751--760.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Rawls, J. 2012. Two Concepts of Rules. Interpretation A Journal Of Bible And Theology. 64, 1 (2012), 3--32.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Roadmap 2020: 2015. http://bnci-horizon-2020.eu/roadmap. Accessed: 2015-01-08.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Roskies, A. 2002. Neuroethics for the New Millenium Commentary. Neuron. 35, (2002), 21--23.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Safire, W. 2005. Are Your Thoughts Your Own?: "Neuroprivacy" and the Legal Implications of Brain Imaging The Committee on Science and Law. (2005).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Schomberg, R. von 2013. A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation. Responsible Innovation Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society. R. Owen, J. Bessant, and M. Heinzt, eds. Wiley. 51--74.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Schreiber, D. 2012. On social attribution: implications of recent cognitive neuroscience research for race, law, and politics. Science and engineering ethics. 18, 3 (Sep. 2012), 557--66.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Searle, J. R. 1980. Minds, brains, and programs. (1980), 417--457.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Toppi, J., Risetti, M., Quitadamo, L. R., Petti, M., Bianchi, L., Salinari, S., Babiloni, F., Cincotti, F., Mattia, D. and Astolfi, L. 2014. Investigating the effects of a sensorimotor rhythm-based BCI training on the cortical activity elicited by mental imagery. Journal of neural engineering. 11, (2014), 035010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Wahlstrom, K. 2013. Privacy and Brain-Computer Interfaces: clarifying the risks. AiCE 2013 (Melbourne, 2013), 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. West, A., Lewis, J. and Currie, P. 2009. Students' Facebook "friends": public and private spheres. May 2015 (2009), 37--41.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. When brain computer interfaces move from research to commercial use

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in

          Full Access

          • Article Metrics

            • Downloads (Last 12 months)17
            • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4

            Other Metrics

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader