Alfons Kemper
Abstract
The data-modeling and computational requirements for integrated computer aided manufacturing (CAM) databases are analyzed, and the most common representation schemes for modeling solid geometric objects in a computer are described. The primitive instancing model, the boundary representation, and the constructive solid geometry model are presented from the viewpoint of database representation. Depending on the representation scheme, one can apply geometric transformations to the stored geometric objects. The standard transformations, scaling, translation, and rotation, are outlined with respect to the data structure aspects. Some of the more recent developments in the area of engineering databases with regard to supporting these representation schemes are then explored, and a classification scheme for technical database management systems is presented that distinguishes the systems according to their level of object orientation: structural or behavioral object orientation. First, several systems that are extensions to the relational model are surveyed, then the functional data model DAPLEX, the nonnormalized relational model NF2, and the database system R2D2 that provides abstract data types in the NF2 model are described.
- ASTRAHAN, M. M., BLASGEN, M. W., CHAMBERLIN, D. D., ESWARAN, K. P., GRAY, J. N., GRIFFITHS, P. P., KING, W. F., LORIE, R. A., MCJONES, P. R., MEHL, J. W., PUTZOLU, G. R., TRAiGER, I. L., WADE, B. W., AND WATSON, V. 1976. System R: Relational approach to database management, ACM Trans. Database Syst. 1, 2 (June), 97-137. Google Scholar
- ATWOOD, T. M. 1985. An object-oriented DBMS for design support applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE Compint. IEEE, New York, pp. 299-307.Google Scholar
- BATORY, E., AND KIM, W. 1985. Modeling concepts for VLSI CAD objects. A CM Trans. Database Syst. 10, 322-346. Google Scholar
- BLUME, C., MOLLER, E., AND PODS, R. 1983. RODABAS--Eine Roboter Datenbasis f/ir die implizite Programmierung. In H6here Programmiersprachen fi~r Industrieroboter, H. Wolters, Ed. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe.Google Scholar
- CODD, E. F. 1970. A relational model for large shared data banks. Cornmun. ACM 13, 6 (June), 377- 387. Google Scholar
- CODD, E. F. 1979. Extending the relational database model to capture more meaning. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 4, 4 (Dec.), 397-434. Google Scholar
- DADAM, P., K0SPERT, K., ANOERSON, F., BLANKEN, H., ERBE, R., G(INAUER, J., LUM, V., PISTOR, P., ^NO WALCn, G. 1986. A DBMS prototype to support extended NF2-relations: An integrated view on fiat tables and hierarchies. In Proceedings of the A CM SIGMOD Conference. ACM, New York, pp. 376-387. Google Scholar
- DITTRICH, K. R. 1986. Object-oriented database systems: The notion and the issues. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems (Pacific Grove, Calif., Sept.). IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 2-6. Google Scholar
- DITTRICH, K. R., AND LORIE, R. A. 1985. Version support for engineering database systems. Research Rep., IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, Calif.Google Scholar
- DITTRICH, K. R., GOTTHARD, W., AND LOCKEMANN, P. C. 1986. Complex entities for engineering applications. In Proceedings of the 5th Entity- Relationship Conference (Dijon, France). North- Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
- EASTMAN, C. M. 1981. Database facilities for engineering design. Proc. IEEE 69, 10 (Oct.), 1249-1263.Google Scholar
- EASTMAN, C. M. 1986. The use of object-oriented databases to model engineering systems, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Object- Oriented Database Systems (Pacific Grove, Calif., Sept.). IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 215- 216. Google Scholar
- EASTMAN, C. M., AND KULAY, A. 1985. Specification of FORM:ULAE: A distributed engineering data management system. In Proceedings of the ASCHE Conference (Dallas, Tex.).Google Scholar
- FOGG, D. 1982. implementation of domain abstraction in the relational database system INGRES. Master's thesis, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
- FOLEY, J. D., AND VAN DAM, A. 1983. Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics. Addison- Wesley, Reading, Mass. Google Scholar
- GLINZ, M., HUSER, H., AND LUDEWiG, J. 1985. SEED--A database system for software engineering environments. In Informatik-Fachberichte, 94. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 121-126.Google Scholar
- GUTTMAN, A., AND STONEBRAKER, M. 1982. Using a relational database management system for computer aided design data. IEEE Database Eng. 5, 2 (June).Google Scholar
- HASKIN, R. L., ANO LORIE, R. A. 1982. On extending the functions of a relational database system. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Management of Data (Orlando, Fla., June 2-4). ACM, New York, pp. 207-212. Google Scholar
- IBM 1981. SQL/Data system, concepts and facilities. Rept. GH 24-5013, IBM Corp., Jan.Google Scholar
- KEMPER, A. 1986. CAM databases: Requirements and survey. In Proceedings of the 19th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Honolulu, Jan.). Western Periodicals, North Hollywood, Calif., pp. 363-378.Google Scholar
- KEMPER, A. 1987. Abstract datatypes in geometrical databases. In Proceedings of the 20th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Kona, Jan.), pp. 453-463.Google Scholar
- KEMPER, A., WALLRATH, M., ANO LOCKEMANN, P. C. 1987. An object-oriented system for engineering applications. In Proceedings of lnternational Conference on the Management of Data (San Francisco, Calif., May 27-29). ACM, New York. Google Scholar
- LEE, Y. C., AND FU, K. S. 1983. A CSG based DBMS for CAD/CAM and its supporting query language. In Proceedings of A CM SIGMOD Conference on Engineering Design Applications (San Jose, Calif., May), ACM, New York.Google Scholar
- LOCKEMANN, P. C., ADAMS, M., BEVER, M., DIT- TRICH, K. R., FERKINGHAFF, B., GOTTHARD, W., KOTZ, A., LIEDTKE, R. P., LOKE, B., AND MOLLE, J. 1985. Anforderungen technischer Anwendungen an Datenbanksysteme. In Informatik- Fachberichte, 94. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1- 26.Google Scholar
- LORIE, R. 1982. Issues in databases for design applications. In File Structures and Databases for CAD, J. Encarnacao and F. L. Krause, Eds. North-Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
- LORIE, R., AND PLOUFFE, W. 1983. Complex objects and their use in design transactions. In Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD Conference on Engineering Design Applications (San Jose, Calif., May), pp. 115-121.Google Scholar
- LUM, V., DADAM, P., ERBE, R., GONAUER, J., PISTOR, P., WALCH, G., WEMER, H., AND WOODFILL, J. 1985. Design of an integrated DBMS to support advanced applications. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Foundations of Data Organization (Kyoto, Japan, May 22-24), pp. 21-31.Google Scholar
- MAIER, D., OTIS, A., ANO PURDY, A. 1985. Objectoriented database development at Servio Logic. IEEE Database Eng. 8, 4 (1985), 58-65.Google Scholar
- MEIER, A. 1985. Applying relational database techniques to solid modelling. In Informatik-Fachberichte, 94. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 50-67.Google Scholar
- PISTOR, P., AND ANDERSEN, F. 1986. Designing a generalized NF2 data model with an SQL-type language interface. In Proceedings of the 12th Internationa! Conference on Very Large Databases (Kyoto, Japan). VLDB Endowment, Saratoga, Calif., pp. 278-285. Google Scholar
- PISTOR, P., AND TRAUNMOLLER, R. 1986. A data base language for sets, lists, and tables. Inf. Syst. 11, 4, 323-336. Google Scholar
- REQUICHA, A. A. G. 1980. Representations for rigid solids: Theory, methods, and systems. A CM Comput. Surv. 12, 4 (Dec.), 437-463. Google Scholar
- RITCHIE, D. 1978. The C Programming Language. 1978. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.Google Scholar
- SCHEK, H.-J., AND PISTOR, P. 1982. Data structures for an integrated data base management and retrieval system. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Very Large Databases (Mexico City). VLDB Endowment, Saratoga, Calif. Google Scholar
- SCHEK, H.-J., AND SCHOLL, M. 1983. Die NF2-Relationenalgebra zur einheitlichen Manipulation externer, konzeptueller und interner Datenstrukturen. In Informatik Fachberichte 72. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, pp. 113-133. Google Scholar
- SHIPMAN, D. 1981. The functional data model and the data language DAPLEX. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 6, I (Mar.), 140-173. Google Scholar
- STEHLE, H. 1986. EDAPLEx: An extension of the functional data model DAPLEX for computergeometry applications (in German). Master's thesis, Univ. Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.Google Scholar
- STONEBRAKER, M., AND ROWE, L. 1986. The design of POSTGRES. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (Washington, D.C., May 28-30). ACM, New York, pp. 430-355. Google Scholar
- STONEBRAKER, M., WONG, E., KREPS, P., AND HELD, G. 1976. The design and implementation of iNGRES. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 1, 3 (Sept.), 189-222. Google Scholar
- STONEBRAKER, M., RUBENSTEIN, B., AND GUTTMAN, A. 1983a. Application of abstract data types and abstract indices to CAD databases. In Proceedings of A CM SIGMOD Conference on Engineering Design Applications (San Jose, Calif., May). ACM, New York.Google Scholar
- STONEBRAKER, M., ANDERSON, E., HANSON, E., AND RUBENSTEIN, B. 1983b. QUEL as a datatype. Memo. UCB/ERL M83/73, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dec.Google Scholar
- VOELCKER, H. B., AND REQUICHA, A. A. G. 1977. Geometric modelling of mechanical parts and processes. Computer 10, 12 (Dec.).Google Scholar
- WESLEY, M. A. 1980. Construction and use of geometric models. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 89, J. Encarnacao, Ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Google Scholar
- ZANIOLA, C. 1983. The database language GEM. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (San Jose, Calif., May 23-26). ACM, New York, pp. 207-218. Google Scholar
- ZANIOLA, C., AIT-KAcI, H., BEECH, D., CAMMARATA, S., KERSCHBERG, L., AND MAIER, D. 1986. Object-oriented database systems and knowledge systems. In Proceedings of the I st International Workshop an Expert Database Systems, L. Kerschberg, Ed. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif., pp. 49-64. Google Scholar
- ZDONIK, S. B., AND WEGNER, P. 1986. Language and methodology for object-oriented database environments, in Proceedings of the 19th Hawaii Conference on System Sciences (Honolulu, Jan.). Western Periodicals, North Hollywood, Calif., pp. 378-388.Google Scholar
- BAUMGART, B. G. 1975. A polyhedron representation for computer vision. In AFIPS Conference Proceedings, vol. 44. AFIPS Press, Reston, Va., pp. 589-596.Google Scholar
- EASTMAN, C. M. 1980. System facilities for CAD databases. In Proceedings of the 17th A CM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (Minneapolis, Minn., June 1980), pp. 50-56. Google Scholar
- JAESCHKE, G., AND SCHEK, H.-J. 1982. Remarks on the algebra of non-first-normal form relations. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (Los Angeles, Calif., Mar. 29-31). ACM, New York, pp. 124-138. Google Scholar
- KIM, W., LORIE, R., MCNABB, D., AND PLOUFFE, W. 1984. A transaction mechanism for engineering design databases. In Proceedings of the l Oth International Conference on Very Large Databases (Singapore, Aug.). Very Large Database Endowment, Saratoga, Calif., pp. 355-362. Google Scholar
- L~KE, B., AND BEVER, M. 1985. Ein prozedurorientiertes Datenmodell fiir CAD/CAM Anwendungen und seine Realisierung mittels konventioneller Datenbanksoftware und Ada. In Informatik-Fachberichte, 94. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 127-146.Google Scholar
- MCLEOD, D., NARAYANASWAMY, K., AND BAPA RAO, K. V. 1983. An approach to information management for CAD/VLSI applications. In Proceedings of A CM SIGMOD Conference on Engineering Design Applications (San Jose, Calif., May). ACM, New York, pp. 39-50.Google Scholar
- MEIER, A. 1986. Methoden der Graphischen und Geometrischen Datenverarbeitung. Teubner, Stuttgart, 1986.Google Scholar
Recommendations
IBM Relational Database Systems: The Early Years
The relational data model, proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970, inspired several research projects at IBM and elsewhere. Among these was System R, which demonstrated the commercial viability of relational database systems. This article describes the research ...
Reviews
John L. Lowther
Kemper and Wallrath present an excellent tutorial on the requirements imposed on database management systems by computer aided manufacturing (CAM) applications. The authors describe three representation schemes for modeling solid geometric objects: primitive instancing, boundary representation, and constructive solid geometry. Each representation scheme is used to explore recent developments in the area of engineering databases. A classification scheme for technical database management systems is presented. It distinguishes between the systems according to their level of object orientation (structural or behavioral). The paper's first section discusses primitive instancing, boundary representation, and constructive solid geometry. In a primitive instancing system, every geometric object is an instance of a generic primitive object. A boundary representation scheme describes a solid in terms of its bounding edges and vertices. The constructive solid geometry approach describes objects as a composition of primitive objects. The next section describes geometric transformation and shows that assembly operations of robot programming systems may be viewed as sequences of transformations on solid geometric objects. The final and most interesting part of the tutorial is section 3, “A Survey of Proposals for Engineering Databases.” In this survey, relational databases and relational database extensions for engineering databases are presented. The notion of object orientation is defined and used to characterize engineering database systems. An object-oriented database uses structural or behavioral object orientation. Structural orientation is an approach that emphasizes the fact that complex objects have components that may, in turn, have their own structural orientation (i.e., the objects may have a hierarchical structure). Behavioral orientation recognizes that objects may be treated as instances of abstract data types and, as a result, may be manipulated by the objects' predefined associated operations. Proposals surveyed for engineering databases include SQL, QUEL, Quel as a datatype, ADT-Ingres, GEM, a System R extension, DAPLEX (a functional data model), the NF 2 (non-first-normal form) model, and the R 2D 2 database system with extensible data types. Each of these systems is discussed with engineering database examples. The authors conclude that “the constructive solid geometry representation with recursively defined tree structure, as well as the boundary representation model consisting of an abstraction hierarchy, are promising candidates for storing solid objects in a CAM database.” In the opinion of the authors, the primitive instancing model has substantial problems for database support because it would require an abundance of different record types. The authors state that ADT-Ingres constitutes the first database system that provides some level of behavioral object orientation by allowing the definition of abstract data types (ADTs). The authors also state that R 2D 2 takes this level of behavioral orientation further by integrating ADTs in a structurally object-oriented data model, the NF 2 model. This paper is intended for those with an introductory background in graphics or relational database systems, or for those investigating CAM engineering database systems. This is a revised and extended version of “CAM Databases: Requirements and Survey” by Kemper [1].
Access critical reviews of Computing literature here
Become a reviewer for Computing Reviews.
Comments