ABSTRACT
Social systems and applications often rely on message triggers to promote, remind and even persuade people to perform certain actions. However, repeated exposure to these triggers can lead to boredom, annoyance and decreased engagement. While existing research suggests that diversification of trigger contents may mitigate these issues, no systematic way of introducing it has been proposed. This paper proposes two message diversification strategies based on the use of cognitive spaces: 1) target-diverse -- using concepts cognitively close to the targeted action; and 2) self-diverse -- using concepts cognitively close to the message's recipient. Through a controlled experiment we found that the self-diverse strategy reduces annoyance and boredom from repeated exposure and that both strategies increase perceived informativeness and helpfulness of the triggers. In a subsequent 2-week long field deployment focused on assessing the effects of the self-diverse strategy, we found that this strategy results in higher activity completion through supporting awareness, providing more information, and making the triggers more personally relevant. These diverse triggers are perceived as motivators rather than simple reminders. We conclude with insights on how to design and generate diverse messages.
- Wokje Abrahamse, Linda Steg, Charles Vlek, and Talib Rothengatter. 2005. A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation. Journal of Environmental Psychology 25, 273--291.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Icek Ajzen. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 2: 179--211.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Azy {Ed} Barak. 2008. Online Motivational Factors: Incentives for Participation and Contribution in Wikipedia. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Roy F. Baumeister, Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and Kathleen D. Vohs. 2001. Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology 5, 4: 323--370.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. E. Berlyne. 1970. Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Perception & Psychophysics 8, 5: 279--286.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Elena Bessarabova, Edward L. Fink, and Monique Turner. 2013. Reactance, Restoration, and Cognitive Structure: Comparative Statics. Human Communication Research 39, 3: 339--364.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Samuel R. Bowman, Luke Vilnis, Oriol Vinyals, Andrew M. Dai, Rafal Jozefowicz, and Samy Bengio. 2015. Generating Sentences from a Continuous Space. http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06349Google Scholar
- Rosalind A. Breslow, Ralph J. Coates, Jon Kerner, et al. 2008. Client-Directed Interventions to Increase Community Demand for Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, 1: S34--S55.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Burnard, P. Gill, K. Stewart, E. Treasure, and B. Chadwick. 2008. Analysing and presenting qualitative data. BDJ 204, 8: 429--432.Google ScholarCross Ref
- John T Cacioppo and Richard E Petty. 1979. Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, 1: 97--109.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jilin Chen, Gary Hsieh, Jalal U. Mahmud, and Jeffrey Nichols. 2014. Understanding individuals' personal values from social media word use. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing CSCW '14, 405--414. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yan Chen, F. Maxwell Harper, Joseph Konstan, and Sherry Xin Li. Social Comparisons and Contributions to Online Communities: A Field Experiment on MovieLens.Google Scholar
- Heather L. Coley, Rajani S. Sadasivam, Jessica H. Williams, et al. 2013. Crowdsourced Peer- Versus Expert-Written Smoking-Cessation Messages. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, 5: 543--550.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sunny Consolvo, Predrag Klasnja, David W. McDonald, and James A. Landay. 2014. Designing for Healthy Lifestyles: Design Considerations for Mobile Technologies to Encourage Consumer Health and Wellness.Google Scholar
- James Price Dillard and Lijiang Shen. 2005. On the Nature of Reactance and its Role in Persuasive Health Communication. Communication Monographs 72, 2: 144--168.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Leslie D. Dinauer and Edward L. Fink. 2005. Interattitude Structure and Attitude Dynamics. Human Communication Research 31, 1: 1--32.Google Scholar
- W Ebben and L Brudzynski. 2008. Motivations and barriers to exercise among college students. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. http://www.asep.org/asep/asep/EbbenJEPonlineOctober200_8.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Ofer Egozi, Shaul Markovitch, and Evgeniy Gabrilovich. 2011. Concept-Based Information Retrieval Using Explicit Semantic Analysis. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 29, 2: 1--34. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Douglas Ezzy. 2013. Qualitative analysis. Routledge (2013)Google ScholarCross Ref
- Edward Luis Fink and Joseph Woelfel. 1980. The measurement of communication processes: Galileo theory and method. Academic Press.Google Scholar
- Brianna S. Fjeldsoe, Alison L. Marshall, and Yvette D. Miller. 2009. Behavior Change Interventions Delivered by Mobile Telephone Short-Message Service. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36, 2: 165--173.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bj Fogg. 2009. A behavior model for persuasive design. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology - Persuasive '09: 1. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shalini Ghosh, Oriol Vinyals, Brian Strope, Scott Roy, Tom Dean, and Larry Heck. 2016. Contextual LSTM: A Step towards Hierarchical Language Modeling.Google Scholar
- K Glanz, BK Rimer, and K Viswanath. 2008. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice.Google Scholar
- Jennifer Golbeck, Cristina Robles, and Karen Turner. 2011. Predicting personality with social media. In Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems CHI EA '11, 253. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joseph Grandpre, Eusebio M. Alvaro, Michael Burgoon, Claude H. Miller, and John R. Hall. 2003. Adolescent Reactance and Anti-Smoking Campaigns: A Theoretical Approach. Health Communication 15, 3: 349--366.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Albert A. Harrison and Rick Crandall. 1972. Heterogeneity-homogeneity of exposure sequence and the attitudinal effect of exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21, 2: 234--238.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Matthias R. Hastall and Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick. 2013. Severity, Efficacy, and Evidence Type as Determinants of Health Message Exposure. Health Communication 28, 4: 378--388.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Katharine J. Head, Seth M. Noar, Nicholas T. Iannarino, and Nancy Grant Harrington. 2013. Efficacy of text messaging-based interventions for health promotion: A meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine 97: 41--48.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lois Jane Heller, Celette Sugg Skinner, A. Janet Tomiyama, et al. 2013. Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer NY, NY, NY, 1997--2000.Google Scholar
- Guillaume Hervet, Katherine Guérard, Sébastien Tremblay, and Mohamed Saber Chtourou. 2011. Is banner blindness genuine? Eye tracking internet text advertising. Applied Cognitive Psychology 25, 5: 708--716.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton. 2015. Deep learning. Nature 521, 7553: 436--444.Google Scholar
- Joowon Lee, Jae-Hyeon Ahn, and Byungho Park. 2015. The effect of repetition in Internet banner ads and the moderating role of animation. Computers in Human Behavior 46: 202--209. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Omer Levy, Yoav Goldberg, and Ido Dagan. 2015. Improving Distributional Similarity with Lessons Learned from Word Embeddings. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 3, 0: 211--225.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yon Soo Lim. 2008. Persuasive Message Strategy for International Development Campaigns: A Theoretical Aapplication of The Galileo Spatial-Linkage Model.Google Scholar
- Yon Soo Lim. 2015. Exploring persuasive message strategy for international aid campaigns: potential donors' inter-attitudinal structure using Galileo model. Quality & Quantity 49, 4: 1397--1415.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bess H Marcus and LeighAnn H Forsyth. 2013. Motivating people to be physically active. Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
- Scott McCoy, Andrea Everard, Dennis F. Galletta, and Gregory D. Moody. 2016. Here we go again! The impact of website ad repetition on recall, intrusiveness, attitudes, and site revisit intentions. Information & Management. Google ScholarDigital Library
- David Milne and Ian H Witten. 2008. An Effective, Low-Cost Measure of Semantic Relatedness Obtained from Wikipedia Links.Google Scholar
- Sarah Milne, Sheina Orbell, and Paschal Sheeran. 2002. Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology 7, 2: 163--184.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Felix Naughton, A Toby Prevost, Hazel Gilbert, and Stephen Sutton. 2012. Randomized controlled trial evaluation of a tailored leaflet and SMS text message self-help intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit). Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14, 5: 569--77.Google Scholar
- Pippa Norris. 2003. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Anish Parikh, Carl Behnke, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Barbara Almanza, and Doug Nelson. 2014. Motives for reading and articulating user-generated restaurant reviews on Yelp.com. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 5, 2: 160--176.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Michael Quinn Patton. 1990. Qualitative evaluation and research methods, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
- Cornelia Pechmann and David W. Stewart. 2012. Advertising Repetition: A Critical Review of Wearin and Wearout. Current Issues and Research in Advertising.Google Scholar
- Reinhold Penner and Richard Caelers. 2012. Workrave. http://www.workrave.orgGoogle Scholar
- Mirko Tobias Schäfer. 2011. Bastard Culture! How User Participation Transforms Cultural Production. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
- David W. Schumann, Richard E. Petty, and D. Scott Clemons. 1990. Predicting the Effectiveness of Different Strategies of Advertising Variation: A Test of the Repetition-Variation Hypotheses. Journal of Consumer Research 17, 2: 192.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shalom H. Schwartz, Jan Cieciuch, Michele Vecchione, et al. 2012. Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, 4: 663--688.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shalom H. Schwartz. 2012. An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 2, 1.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Andreas R. Schwerdtfeger, Catalina Schmitz, and Matthias Warken. 2012. Using Text Messages to Bridge the Intention-Behavior Gap? A Pilot Study on the Use of Text Message Reminders to Increase Objectively Assessed Physical Activity in Daily Life. Frontiers in Psychology 3: 270.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shilad Sen, Toby Jia-Jun Li, WikiBrain Team, and Brent Hecht. 2014. WikiBrain: Democratizing Computation on Wikipedia. In Proceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration OpenSym '14, 1--10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alessandro Sordoni, Michel Galley, Michael Auli, et al. 2015. A Neural Network Approach to Context-Sensitive Generation of Conversational Responses. Retrieved August 9, 2016 from http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.06714Google Scholar
- Victor J. Strecher, Saul Shiffman, and Robert West. 2005. Randomized controlled trial of a web-based computer-tailored smoking cessation program as a supplement to nicotine patch therapy. Addiction 100, 5: 682--688.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Esther Toet, Bernt Meerbeek, and Jettie Hoonhout. 2009. Supporting mindful eating?: inbalance chopping board. Eat, Cook, Grow: Mixing 34, 51: 1--3.Google Scholar
- Roger Tourangeau, Kenneth A Rasinski, and Roy D'Andrade. 1991. Attitude structure and belief accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 27, 1: 48--75.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Roelof A.J. de Vries, Khiet P. Truong, Sigrid Kwint, Constance H.C. Drossaert, and Vanessa Evers. 2016. Crowd-Designed Motivation: Motivational messages for exercise adherence based on behavior change theory. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI '16, 297--308. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bo Xu and Dahui Li. 2015. An empirical study of the motivations for content contribution and community participation in Wikipedia. Information & Management 52, 3: 275--286. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 2015. Aqualert. http://aqualertapp.com/Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Send Me a Different Message: Utilizing Cognitive Space to Create Engaging Message Triggers
Recommendations
Designing for Emotional Well-being: Integrating Persuasion and Customization into Mental Health Technologies
CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsA growing body of work has emphasized the need for customizability and flexibility in mobile health technologies to increase support user autonomy. However, customization may be burdensome for people with motivational and cognitive challenges, such as ...
Autonomy in technology design
CHI EA '14: CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsIssues of autonomy impact motivation, the user experience and even psychological wellbeing, yet many questions surrounding design for autonomy remain unanswered. This workshop will explore theory, issues and design strategies related to autonomy drawing ...
Staying the Course: System-Driven Lapse Management for Supporting Behavior Change
CHI '16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsThe negative effect of lapses during a behavior-change program has been shown to increase the risk of repeated lapses and, ultimately, program abandonment. In this paper, we examine the potential of system-driven lapse management -- supporting users ...
Comments