Elizabeth K. Morales Urrutia
ABSTRACT
Pedagogic Conversational Agents are interactive systems that teach by talking to the students. They have been used in several domains to develop competences such as storytelling or negotiation from University to Pre-Primary Education. However, in the literature, no cases of using agents for teaching programming to develop computational thinking in children have been found. In the last decades, there is a growing interest in developing computational thinking in children. According to some authors, if children develop computational thinking, they will be able to solve not only computer problems but their daily life problems in a better way. It is under research which educational technologies and methodologies can be more adequate depending on the context to achieve this goal. In this paper, it is proposed, for the first time, the use of Pedagogic Conversational Agents to develop computational thinking in children. Given the complexity of designing this new type of agent, and as it has been done in previous occasions when trying to design a new agent, the MEDIE methodology will be followed to eventually integrate the agent into the classrooms.
- Zapata-Ros, M. 2015. Pensamiento computacional: Una nueva alfabetización digital. Revista de Educación a Distancia. 46.Google Scholar
- Wing, J. 2006. Computational thinking, Communications of the ACM. 49, 3, 33--36. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Valverde, J, Fernández, M, and Garrido, M., 2015. El pensamiento computacional y las nuevas ecologías del aprendizaje. Revista de Educación a Distancia, vol. 46.Google Scholar
- Papert, S. 1980 Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas, New York, NY: Basic Books. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brennan, K. and Resnick, M. 2012. Nuevos marcos de referencia para estudiar y evaluar el desarrollo del pensamiento computacional. American Educational Research Association (AERA).Google Scholar
- Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., Millner, A., Rosenbaum, E., Silver, J., Silverman, B., and Kafai, Y. 2009. Scratch: Programming for all. Communications of the ACM, 52. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Johnson, W. L., Rickel, J. W., & Lester, J. C. Animated Pedagogical Agents: Face-to-Face Interaction in Interactive Learning Environments, Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, n° 11, pp. 47--78, 2000.Google Scholar
- Schroeder, N. L., Adesope, O. O., and Gilbert, R. B., 2013. How effective are pedagogical agents for learning?. A meta-analytic review. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 49, 1. 1- 39.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lester, J., Converse, S., Kahler, S., Barlow, S., Stone, B. and Bhogal, R, 1997. The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents, SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yee, N., and Bailenson, J. 2007. The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior, Human Communication Research. 33,3.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chase, C., Chin, D., Oppezzo, M., and Schwartz, D., 2009. Teachable agents and the protégé effect: Increasing the effort towards learning. Journal of Science Education and Technology. 18, 18. 334--337.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tamayo-Moreno, S. 2017. Propuesta de Metodología para el Diseño e Integración en el Aula de un Agente Conversacional Pedagógico desde Educación Secundaria hasta Educación Infantil. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España.Google Scholar
- Pérez-Marín, D., Hijón-Neira, R., Martín-Lope, M. 2017. Propuesta de Metodología basada en Metáforas para la enseñanza de la Programación a Niños. In Press to appear in IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje.Google Scholar
- Papert. S, Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas,Basic Books, 2nd ed., NY:, 1993.Google Scholar
- Wing, J. 2011. Research notebook: Computational thinking---What and why, {On line}. Available: The Link Magazine, Spring. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh. Retrieved from http://link.cs.cmu.edu/article.php?a=600.Google Scholar
- ISTE, C. 2011. Computational Thinking in K--12 Education leadership toolkit.Google Scholar
- Espino, E., Soledad, C., and González, C. 2015. Estudio sobre diferencias de género en las competencias y las estrategias educativas para el desarrollo del pensamiento computacional. Revista de Educación a Distancia. 46.Google Scholar
- Furber, S. 2012. Shut down or restart: The way forward for computing in UK schools. {On line}. Available: Retrieved from http://royalsociety.org/ education/policy/computing-in-schools/report/.Google Scholar
- Cuny, J., Snyder, L., and Wing, J. M. 2010. Demystifying computational thinking for non-computer scientists. Unpublished manuscript in progress, {On line}. Available: referenced in http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~CompThink/resources/TheLinkWing.pdf.Google Scholar
- García, F. J. 2016, A brief introduction to TACCLE 3---Coding European Project. In Computers in Education (SIIE), International Symposium on IEEE, pp. 1--4.Google Scholar
- García-Peñalvo, F. J., Reimann, D., Tuul, M., Rees, A., & Jormanainen, I. 2016. An overview of the most relevant literature on coding and computational thinking with emphasis on the relevant issues for teachers. Belgium: TACCLE 3 Consortium.Google Scholar
- García-Peñalvo, F. J., Rees, A. M., Hughes, J., Jormanainen, I., Toivonen, T., & Vermeersch, J. 2016. A survey of resources for introducing coding into schools. In F. J. García-Peñalvo (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'16) (Salamanca, Spain, November 2-4, 2016) (pp. 19--26). New York, NY, USA: ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Balanskat A. and Engelhardt, K. 2015 "Computing our future. Computer programming and coding Priorities, school curricula and initiatives across Europe," European Schoolnet, Brussels, Belgium2015.Google Scholar
- Wing, J. 2008. "Computational thinking and thinking about computing," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society aMathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 366, pp. 3717--3725.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Resnick, M, 1996. New paradigms for computing, new paradigms for thinking. In Yasmin B. Kafai & Mitchel Resnick (Eds.), Constructionism in practice: Designing, thinking, and learning in a digital world. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Bers, M. U., Ponte, I., Juelich, C., Viera, A., & Schenker, J, 2002 «Teachers as designers: Integrating robotics in early childhood education.,» Information technology in childhood education annual, vol. 1, n° 1, pp. 123--145.Google Scholar
- Bers, M., Rogers, C., Beals, L., Portsmore, M., Staszowski, K., Cejka, E., & Barnett, M., 2006. Innovative session: early childhood robotics for learning. En Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Learning sciences., International Society of the Learning Sciences, pp. p. 1036--1042. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Troncoso-Pantoja, B. 2005. Aplicaciones de agentes pedagógicos en entornos virtuales para la enseñanza. In V Congreso Internacional Virtual de Educación.Google Scholar
- Franklin, S., Graesser, A., Olde, B., Song, H., and Negatu, A. 1996. Virtual Mattie--an Intelligent Clerical Agent. In AAAI Symposium on Embodied Cognition and Action. Cambridge MA, August.Google Scholar
- Kopp, S. 2010. Social Resonance and Embodied Coordination in Face-to-Face. Speech Communication 52, 587--597 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pérez, M. S. 2014. Análisis y Optimización de Agentes Conversacionales 3D para Sistemas Empotrados (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Málaga). Málaga.Google Scholar
- H. Gardner, H. 1998. Inteligencias múltiples. Barcelona: Paidós.Google Scholar
- Tarkan, S., Sazawal, V., Druin, A., Golub, E., Bonsignore, E. M., Walsh, G., & Atrash, Z. 2010. Toque: designing a cooking-based programming language for and with children. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM. pp. 2417--2426. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- A first proposal of Pedagogic Conversational Agents to develop Computational Thinking in children
Recommendations
Computational thinking in high school courses
SIGCSE '10: Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science educationThe number of undergraduates entering computer science has declined in recent years. This is paralleled by a drop in the number of high school students taking the CS AP exam and the number of high schools offering computer science courses. The declines ...
Teaching how to teach computational thinking
ITiCSE 2018: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science EducationComputational Thinking is argued to be an essential skill for the workforce of the 21st century. As a skill, Computational Thinking should be taught in all schools, employing computational ideas integrated into other disciplines. Up until now, questions ...
Introducing computational thinking to 5 and 6 year old students in dutch primary schools: an educational design research study
Koli Calling '17: Proceedings of the 17th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education ResearchComputational thinking is taking an ever increasing role in education. According to the Netherlands institute for curriculum development there currently is little to no education on this topic in Dutch primary schools. Since teachers are the key to high ...
Comments