ABSTRACT
The ability of blockchain technology to record transactions on distributed ledgers offers new opportunities for governments to improve transparency, prevent fraud, and establish trust in the public sector. However, blockchain adoption and use in the context of e-Government is rather unexplored in academic literature. In this paper, we systematically review relevant research to understand the current research topics, challenges and future directions regarding blockchain adoption for e-Government. The results show that the adoption of blockchain-based applications in e-Government is still very limited and there is a lack of empirical evidence. The main challenges faced in blockchain adoption are predominantly presented as technological aspects such as security, scalability and flexibility. From an organizational point of view, the issues of acceptability and the need of new governance models are presented as the main barriers to adoption. Moreover, the lack of legal and regulatory support is identified as the main environmental barrier of adoption. Based on the challenges presented in the literature, we propose future research questions that need to be addressed to inform how the public sector should approach the blockchain technology adoption.
- Ahrain, T. et al. 2017. Blockchain technology innovations. 2017 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON) (Jun. 2017), 137--141.Google Scholar
- Angraal, S. et al. 2017. Blockchain Technology: Applications in Health Care. Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes. 10, 9 (Sep. 2017), e003800.Google Scholar
- Back, A. et al. 2014. Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains. (2014).Google Scholar
- Biswas, K. and Muthukkumarasamy, V. 2017. Securing smart cities using blockchain technology. Proceedings - 18th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 14th IEEE International Conference on Smart City and 2nd IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Systems, HPCC/SmartCity/DSS 2016 (2017).Google Scholar
- Biswas, K. and Muthukkumarasamy, V. 2016. Securing Smart Cities Using Blockchain Technology. 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 14th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS) (Dec. 2016), 1392--1393.Google Scholar
- Blockchain technology: Redefining trust for a global, digital economy: 2016. https://medium.com/mit-media-lab-digital-currency-initiative/blockchain-technology-redefining-trust-for-a-global-digital-economy-1dc869593308.Google Scholar
- Bore, N. et al. 2017. Towards Blockchain-enabled School Information Hub. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development - ICTD '17 (New York, New York, USA, 2017), 1--4. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Buterin, V. 2014. Ethereum White Paper: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform.Google Scholar
- Cai, Y. and Zhu, D. 2016. Fraud detections for online businesses: a perspective from blockchain technology. Financial Innovation. 2, 1 (Dec. 2016), 20.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Charters, S. et al. 2009. Objectivity in Research: Challenges from the Evidence-Based Paradigm. 2009 Australian Software Engineering Conference (2009), 73--80. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Crosby, M. 2016. BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review Issue. 2 (2016).Google Scholar
- Digital transformation in government and blockchain technology - GOV.UK: 2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/digital-transformation-in-government-and-blockchain-technology. Accessed: 2017-09-26.Google Scholar
- Düdder, B. and Ross, O. 2017. Timber tracking: Reducing complexity of due diligence by using blockchain technology (position paper). CEUR Workshop Proceedings (2017).Google Scholar
- e-Government: 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/ict/brief/e-government. Accessed: 2017-04-14.Google Scholar
- Engelenburg, S.V.S. van et al. 2017. Design of a software architecture supporting business-to-government information sharing to improve public safety and security. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems. (Jul. 2017), 1--24.Google ScholarDigital Library
- EY 2016.14th Global Fraud Survey: Corporate misconduct - individual consequences Global enforcement focuses the spotlight on executive integrity.Google Scholar
- Gaetani, E. et al. 2017. Blockchain-based database to ensure data integrity in cloud computing environments. CEUR Workshop Proceedings (2017).Google Scholar
- Gilad, Y. et al. 2017. Algorand: Scaling Byzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 51--68. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Heintze, T. and Bretschneider, S. 2000. Information Technology and Restructuring in Public Organizations: Does Adoption of Information Technology Affect Organizational Structures, Communications, and Decision Making? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 10, 4 (Oct. 2000), 801--830.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hou, H. 2017. The application of blockchain technology in E-government in China. 2017 26th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, ICCCN 2017 (Jul. 2017), 1--4.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hyvärinen, H. et al. 2017. A Blockchain-Based Approach Towards Overcoming Financial Fraud in Public Sector Services. Business & Information Systems Engineering. 59, 6 (Dec. 2017), 441--456.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Janowski, T. 2015. Digital government evolution: From transformation to contextualization. Government Information Quarterly. 32, 3 (Jul. 2015), 221--236.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kewell, B. et al. 2017. Blockchain for good? Strategic Change. 26, 5 (Sep. 2017), 429--437.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kitchenham, B. and Charters, S. 2007. Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature reviews in Software Engineering Version 2.3.Google Scholar
- Konashevych, O. 2017. The concept of the blockchain-based governing: Current issues and general vision. Proceedings of the European Conference on e-Government, ECEG (2017), 79--85.Google Scholar
- Kshetri, N. 2017. Blockchain's roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy. Telecommunications Policy. (Sep. 2017).Google Scholar
- Lander, L. and Cooper, N. 2017. Promoting public deliberation in low trust environments: Australian use cases. CEUR Workshop Proceedings (2017), 74--85.Google Scholar
- Liu, P.T.S. 2016. Medical Record System Using Blockchain, Big Data and Tokenization. Springer, Cham. 254--261.Google Scholar
- Margheri, A. et al. 2017. A Distributed Infrastructure for Democratic Cloud Federations. IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD (Jun. 2017), 688--691.Google Scholar
- Marsal-Llacuna and Maria-Lluïsa 2017. Future living framework: Is blockchain the next enabling network? Technological Forecasting and Social Change. December (Dec. 2017), 0--1.Google Scholar
- McConaghy, Trent, et al. 2016. BigchainDB: a scalable blockchain database. BigChainDB.Google Scholar
- Moura, T. and Gomes, A. 2017. Blockchain Voting and its effects on Election Transparency and Voter Confidence. Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research - dg.o '17 (New York, New York, USA, 2017), 574--575. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nakamoto, S. 2008. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. www.bitcoin.org.Google Scholar
- Nunamaker, J.F. et al. 1990. Systems Development in Information Systems Research. Journal of Management Information Systems. 7, 3 (Dec. 1990), 89--106. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ølnes, S. 2016. Beyond Bitcoin enabling smart government using blockchain technology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). Springer, Cham. 253--264.Google Scholar
- Ølnes, S. et al. 2017. Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing. Government Information Quarterly. 34, 3 (Oct. 2017), 355--364.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ølnes, S. and Jansen, A. 2017. Blockchain Technology as s Support Infrastructure in e-Government. Springer, Cham.Google Scholar
- Peck, M.E. 2017. Blockchains: How They Work and Why They'll Change the World - IEEE Spectrum. IEEE Spectrum.Google Scholar
- Pilkington, M. 2015. Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications.Google Scholar
- Raju, S. et al. 2017. The Case for a Data Bank:: an Institution to Govern Healthcare and Education. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance - ICEGOV '17 (New York, New York, USA, 2017), 538--539. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sharples, M. and Domingue, J. 2016. The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputation and Reward. Springer, Cham. 490--496.Google Scholar
- Sullivan, C. and Burger, E. 2017. E-residency and blockchain. Computer Law and Security Review. 33, 4 (Aug. 2017), 470--481.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sun, J. et al. 2016. Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities. Financial Innovation. 2, 1 (Dec. 2016), 26.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tasca, P. et al. 2017. Ontology of Blockchain Technologies. Principles of Identification and Classification. SRN Electronic Journal.Google Scholar
- Tornatzky, L.G. et al. 1990. The processes of technological innovation. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
- Understanding the basics of blockchain in government | Deloitte Insights: 2017. https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/industry/public-sector/understanding-basics-of-blockchain-in-government.html. Accessed: 2018-01-09.Google Scholar
- United Nations 2014. UN E-Government Survey 2014.Google Scholar
- United Nations 2016. UN E-Government Survey 2016.Google Scholar
- Vukolić M. 2016. The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT Replication. In: Camenisch J., Kesdoğan D. (eds) Open Problems in Network Security. iNetSec 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9591. Springer, ChamGoogle Scholar
- Wijaya, D.A. et al. 2017. A New Blockchain-Based Value-Added Tax System. Springer, Cham. 471 --486.Google Scholar
- Yeoh, P. 2017. Regulatory issues in blockchain technology. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance. 25, 2 (May 2017), 196--208.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yli-Huumo, J. et al. 2016. Where is current research on Blockchain technology? - A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 11, 10 (Oct. 2016), e0163477.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Zheng, Z. et al. 2017. An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends. 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress) (Jun. 2017), 557--564.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Challenges of blockchain technology adoption for e-government: a systematic literature review
Recommendations
Advances in Electronic Government (e-Government) Adoption Research in SAARC Countries
Digital Nations – Smart Cities, Innovation, and SustainabilityAbstractThis paper profiles the research activities that have been published on e-government adoption in the context of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries. Our analysis includes variables such as the years of publication, ...
Adoption of Open Government Data in Local Government Context: Conceptual Model Development
ICCTA '19: Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Computer and Technology ApplicationsThe significance of open data has benefited the public sector to leverage data in enhancing public service delivery, transparency, and accountability of organizational performance. Open data concept has also encouraged the public sector to release their ...
Government employees' adoption of information technology: a literature review
dg.o '18: Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Governance in the Data AgeGovernment employees' adoption of IT is a critical factor for the success of IT implementation in the public sector. However, research has neglected the internal perspective in this field. This literature review examines 28 articles dealing with factors ...
Comments