Niklas Carlsson
Derek Eager
ABSTRACT
The demand and usage of 360-degree video services are expected to increase. However, despite these services being highly bandwidth intensive, not much is known about the potential value that basic bandwidth saving techniques such as server or edge-network on-demand caching (e.g., in a CDN) could have when used for delivery of such services. This problem is both important and complicated as client-side solutions have been developed that split the full 360-degree view into multiple tiles, and adapt the quality of the downloaded tiles based on the user's expected viewing direction and bandwidth conditions. To better understand the potential bandwidth savings that caching-based techniques may offer for this context, this paper presents the first characterization of the similarities in the viewing directions of users watching the same 360-degree video, the overlap in viewports of these users (the area of the full 360-degree view they actually see), and the potential cache hit rates for different video categories and network conditions. The results provide substantial insight into the conditions under which overlap can be considerable and caching effective, and can inform the design of new caching system policies tailored for 360-degree video.
- M. Almquist, V. Almquist, V. Krishnamoorthi, N. Carlsson, and D. Eager. 2018. The Prefetch Aggressiveness Tradeoff in 360 Video Streaming. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google Scholar
- Y. Bao, H. Wu, T. Zhang, A. Ramli, and X. Liu. 2016. Shooting a moving target: Motion-prediction-based transmission for 360-degree videos. In Proc. IEEE Big Data.Google Scholar
- S. Benno, J. O. Esteban, and I. Rimac. 2011. Adaptive streaming: The network HAS to help. Bell Lab. Tech. J., Vol. 16, 2 (Sept. 2011), 101--114.Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Carlsson and D. Eager. 2019. Had You Looked Where I'm Looking: Cross-user Similarities in Viewing Behavior for 360$^circ$ Video and Caching Implications. (2019). arxiv: 1906.09779Google Scholar
- N. Carlsson, D. Eager, V. Krishnamoorthi, and T. Polishchuk. 2017. Optimized Adaptive Streaming of Multi-video Stream Bundles. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 19 (July 2017), 1637--1653.Google ScholarCross Ref
- X. Corbillon, G. Simon, A. Devlic, and J. Chakareski. 2017a. Viewport-adaptive navigable 360-degree video delivery. In Proc. IEEE ICC.Google Scholar
- X. Corbillon, F. D. Simone, and G. Simon. 2017b. 360-Degreee Video Head Movement Dataset. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google Scholar
- E. J. David, J. Gutiérrez, A. Coutrot, M. P. Da Silva, and P. L. Callet. 2018. A Dataset of Head and Eye Movements for 360$^circ$; Videos. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google Scholar
- S. Fremerey, A. Singla, K. Meseberg, and A. Raake. 2018. AVtrack360: An Open Dataset and Software Recording People's Head Rotations Watching 360$^circ$; Videos on an HMD. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google Scholar
- V. R. Gaddam, M. Riegler, R. Eg, C. Griwodz, and P. Halvorsen. 2016. Tiling in Interactive Panoramic Video: Approaches and Evaluation. IEEE Trans. om Multimedia, Vol. 18, 9 (Sept. 2016).Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Gouta, D. Hong, A.-M. Kermarrec, and Y. Lelouedec. 2013. HTTP adaptive streaming in mobile networks: Characteristics and caching opportunities. In Proc. IEEE MASCOTS.Google Scholar
- M. Hosseini and V. Swaminathan. 2016. Adaptive 360 VR video streaming: Divide and conquer. In Proc. IEEE ISM.Google Scholar
- V. Krishnamoorthi, N. Carlsson, D. Eager, A. Mahanti, and N. Shahmehri. 2013. Helping Hand or Hidden Hurdle: Proxy-assisted HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming Performance. In Proc. IEEE MASCOTS.Google Scholar
- V. Krishnamoorthi, N. Carlsson, and E. Halepovic. 2018. Slow but Steady: Cap-based Client-Network Interaction for Improved Streaming Experience. In Proc. IEEE/ACM IWQoS.Google Scholar
- D. H. Lee, C. Dovrolis, and A. C. Begen. 2014. Caching in HTTP Adaptive Streaming: Friend or Foe?. In Proc. ACM NOSSDAV.Google Scholar
- C. Li, L. Toni, J. Zou, H. Xiong, and P. Frossard. 2018. QoE-Driven Mobile Edge Caching Placement for Adaptive Video Streaming. IEEE Trans. om Multimedia, Vol. 20, 4 (Apr. 2018).Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Liang, J. Hao, R. Zimmermann, and D. K. Y. Yau. 2015. Integrated Prefetching and Caching for Adaptive Video Streaming over HTTP: An Online Approach. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Linder, P. Persson, A. Forsberg, J. Danielsson, and N. Carlsson. 2016. On Using Crowd-sourced Network Measurements for Performance Prediction. In Proc. IEEE/IFIP WONS.Google Scholar
- K. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Liu, A. Argyriou, and Y. Ding. 2019. Joint EPC and RAN caching of tiled VR videos for mobile networks. In Proc. MMM.Google Scholar
- W. Lo, C. Fan, J. Lee, C. Huang, K. Chen, and C. Hsu. 2017. 360$^circ$ Video Viewing Dataset in Head-Mounted Virtual Reality. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google Scholar
- R. Ma, T. Maugey, and P. Frossard. 2018. Optimized Data Representation for Interactive Multiview Navigation. IEEE Trans. om Multimedia, Vol. 20, 7 (July 2018).Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Mahzari, A. Nasrabadi, A. Samiei, and R. Prakash. 2018. FoV-aware edge caching for adaptive 360 video streaming. In Proc. ACM Multimedia.Google Scholar
- S. K. Mehr, P. Juluri, M. Maddumala, and D. Medhi. 2018. An adaptation aware hybrid client-cache approach for video delivery with dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP. In Proc. IEEE/IFIP NOMS.Google Scholar
- G. Papaioannou and I. Koutsopoulos. 2019. Tile-based Caching Optimization for 360 Videos. In Proc. ACM MobiHoc.Google Scholar
- F. Qian, B. Han, Q. Xiao, and V. Gopalakrishnan. 2018. Flare: Practical Viewport-Adaptive 360-Degree Video Streaming for Mobile Devices. In Proc. ACM MobiCom.Google Scholar
- F. Qian, L. Ji, B. Han, and V. Gopalakrishnan. 2016. Optimizing 360 video delivery over cellular networks. In Proc. All Things Cellular Workshop.Google Scholar
- D. Ren, S.-H. G. Chan, G. Cheung, and P. Frossard. 2014. Coding Structure and Replication Optimization for Interactive Multiview Video Streaming. IEEE Trans. om Multimedia, Vol. 16, 7 (Nov. 2014).Google Scholar
- H. Riiser, P. Vigmostad, C. Griwodz, and P. Halvorsen. 2013. Commute Path Bandwidth Traces from 3G Networks: Analysis and Applications. In Proc. MMSys.Google Scholar
- J. Son, D. Jang, and E.-S. Ryu. 2018a. Implementing 360 Video Tiled Streaming System. In Proc. ACM MMSys.Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Son, D. Jang, and E.-S. Ryu. 2018b. Implementing Motion-Constrained Tile and Viewport Extraction for VR Streaming. In Proc. ACM NOSSDAV.Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Thomas, M. van Deventer, T. Stockhammer, A. C. Begen, M.-L. Champel, and O. Oyman. 2016. Applications and deployments of server and network assisted DASH (SAND). In Proc. IBC.Google Scholar
- E. Thomas, M. van Deventer, T. Stockhammer, A. C. Begen, and J. Famaey. 2017. Enhancing MPEG DASH performance via server and network assistance. SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, Vol. 126 (Jan/Feb. 2017), 22--27. Issue 1.Google Scholar
- L. Toni, G. Cheung, and P. Frossard. 2016. In-Network View Synthesis for Interactive Multiview Video Systems. IEEE Trans. om Multimedia, Vol. 18, 5 (May 2016).Google Scholar
- L. Toni and P. Frossard. 2017. Optimal Representations for Adaptive Streaming in Interactive Multiview Video Systems. IEEE Trans. om Multimedia, Vol. 19, 12 (Dec. 2017).Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. Xie, X. Zhang, and Z. Guo. 2018. CLS: A Cross-user Learning Based System for Improving QoE in 360-degree Video Adaptive Streaming. In ACM Multimedia.Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Zhang, Y. Wen, Z. Chen, and A. Khisti. 2013. QoE-driven cache management for HTTP adaptive bit rate streaming over wireless networks. IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, Vol. 15, 6 (2013), 1431--1445.Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Had You Looked Where I'm Looking? Cross-user Similarities in Viewing Behavior for 360-degree Video and Caching Implications
Recommendations
FoV-Aware Edge Caching for Adaptive 360° Video Streaming
MM '18: Proceedings of the 26th ACM international conference on MultimediaIn recent years, there has been growing popularity of Virtual Reality (VR), enabled by technologies like 360° video streaming. Streaming 360° video is extremely challenging due to high bandwidth and low latency requirements. Some VR solutions employ ...
Cross-User Similarities in Viewing Behavior for 360° Video and Caching Implications
The demand and usage of 360° video services are expected to increase. However, despite these services being highly bandwidth intensive, not much is known about the potential value that basic bandwidth saving techniques such as server or edge-network on-...
Criticality aware tiered cache hierarchy: a fundamental relook at multi-level cache hierarchies
ISCA '18: Proceedings of the 45th Annual International Symposium on Computer ArchitectureOn-die caches are a popular method to help hide the main memory latency. However, it is difficult to build large caches without substantially increasing their access latency, which in turn hurts performance. To overcome this difficulty, on-die caches ...
Comments