skip to main content
10.1145/3388176.3388181acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesicissConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Improving Recognition of Thai Handwritten Characters with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Authors Info & Claims
Published:20 April 2020Publication History

ABSTRACT

For handwritten character recognition, a common problem is that each writer has unique handwriting for each character (e.g. stroke, head, loop, and curl). The similarities of handwritten characters in each language is also a problem. These similarities have led to recognition mistakes. This research compared deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) which were used for handwriting recognition in the Thai language. CNNs were tested with the THI-C68 dataset. This research also compared two training methods, Train from scratch and Transfer learning, by using VGGNet-19 and Inception-ResNet-v2 architectures. The results showed that VGGNet-19 architecture with transfer learning can reduce learning time. Moreover, it also increased recognition efficiency up to 99.20% when tested with 10-fold cross-validation.

References

  1. Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Kai Li and Li Fei-Fei 2009. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (Jun. 2009), 248--255.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  2. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. and Sun, J. 2016. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (Dec. 2016), 770--778.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Hu, J., Shen, L. and Sun, G. 2018. Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (Dec. 2018), 7132--7141.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Huang, G., Liu, Z., Maaten, L. van der and Weinberger, K.Q. 2017. Densely Connected Convolutional Networks. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (Nov. 2017), 2261--2269.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Inkeaw, P., Bootkrajang, J., Marukatat, S., Gonçalves, T. and Chaijaruwanich, J. 2019. Recognition of Similar Characters using Gradient Features of Discriminative Regions. Expert Systems with Applications. 134, (Nov. 2019), 120--137.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Ioffe, S. and Szegedy, C. 2015. Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift. The 32nd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning (2015), 448--456.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Joseph, F.J.J. and Anantaprayoon, P. 2018. Offline Handwritten Thai Character Recognition Using Single Tier Classifier and Local Features. The 3rd International Conference on Information Technology (InCIT) (Oct. 2018), 8--11.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Kim, I.J. and Xie, X. 2014. Handwritten Hangul Recognition using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition. 18, 1 (2014), 1--13.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I. and Hinton, G.E. 2012. ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (2012), 1090--1098.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Lecun, Y., Bengio, Y. and Hinton, G. 2015. Deep learning. Nature. 521, 7553 (May 2015), 436--444.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y. and Haffner, P. 1998. Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition. IEEE. 86, 11 (1998), 2278--2324.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Marinai, S. 2008. Introduction to Document Analysis and Recognition. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer Verlag. 1--20.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Nair, V. and Hinton, G.E. 2010. Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines Vinod Nair. The 27th International Conference on Machine Learning (2010), 807--814.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. Okafor, E., Pawara, P., Karaaba, F., Surinta, O., Codreanu, V., Schomaker, L. and Wiering, M. 2016. Comparative Study between Deep Learning and Bag of Visual Words for Wild-Animal Recognition. IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) (Dec. 2016), 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Ruder, S. 2016. An Overview of Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithms. (Sep. 2016), 1--14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Sandler, M., Howard, A., Zhu, M., Zhmoginov, A. and Chen, L.C. 2018. MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (Dec. 2018), 4510--4520.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Sawada, Y. and Kozuka, K. 2016. Whole Layers Transfer Learning of Deep Neural Networks for a Small Scale Dataset. International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing. 6, 1 (2016), 27--31.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Simonyan, K. and Zisserman, A. 2015. Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition. 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Surinta, O., Karaaba, M.F., Schomaker, L.R.B. and Wiering, M.A. 2015. Recognition of handwritten characters using local gradient feature descriptors. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 45, (Oct. 2015), 405--414.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V. and Alemi, A. 2017. Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the Impact of Residual Connections on Learning. The Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2017), 4278--4284.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. Wang, B. and Klabjan, D. 2017. Regularization for Unsupervised Deep Neural Nets. The Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Aug. 2017), 2681--2687.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref

Index Terms

  1. Improving Recognition of Thai Handwritten Characters with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in
      • Published in

        cover image ACM Other conferences
        ICISS '20: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Systems
        March 2020
        238 pages
        ISBN:9781450377256
        DOI:10.1145/3388176

        Copyright © 2020 ACM

        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        • Published: 20 April 2020

        Permissions

        Request permissions about this article.

        Request Permissions

        Check for updates

        Qualifiers

        • research-article
        • Research
        • Refereed limited

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader