skip to main content
10.1145/3419249.3420160acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesnordichiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Are autistic children more vulnerable online? Relating autism to online safety, child wellbeing and parental risk management

Authors Info & Claims
Published:26 October 2020Publication History

ABSTRACT

Many autistic children are active online users. Research suggests that they are subject to distress and poor wellbeing following online safety threats. However, it is unclear if autistic children are more likely to experience online safety risks compared with non-autistic children. We conducted a parental online safety survey. Two groups of parents (autistic children, n=63; non-autistic children, n= 41) completed questionnaires about their child's online safety behaviours, wellbeing, and their own parental self-efficacy (PSE). Our results highlight that autistic children experience significantly more online safety risks than non-autistic children and poorer wellbeing than autistic children who did not experience online safety risks. Parents of autistic children reported carrying out significantly less risk management and reported poorer PSE than parents of non-autistic children. Having an autistic child and parental online safety knowledge were significant predictors of PSE. These results will help inform the co-design of interventions to protect autistic children online.

References

  1. Alessandro, Acquisti, Idris Adjerid, Rebecca Balebako, Laura Brandimarte, Lorrie Cranor, Saranga Komanduri, Pedro Leon, Norman Sadeh, Florian Schaub, Manya Sleeper, Yang Wang, and Shomir Wilson. 2017. Nudges for Privacy and Security: Understanding and Assisting Users' Choices Online. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)50.3: 1-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3054926.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed., Arlington, VA.: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Brian R. Belland. 2017. Instructional scaffolding: Foundations and evolving definition. Instructional Scaffolding in STEM Education: Strategies and Efficacy Evidence. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02565-0.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Tony Charman, Andrew Pickles, Emily Simonoff, Susie Chandler, Tom Loucas and Gillian Baird, G. 2011. IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Psychological Medicine, 41.3: 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000991.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. Megan L.E. Clark, David W. Austin and Melinda J. Craike. 2015. Professional and Parental Attitudes Toward iPad Application Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 30.3: 174–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357614537353.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Claes H. de Vreese and Peter Neijens. 2016. Measuring Media Exposure in a Changing Communications Environment.  Communication Methods and Measures, 10:2-3, 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1150441.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Francine Dehue, Catherine Bolman, C., & Trintje Völlink. 2008. Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental Perception.  CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11.2, 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0008.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Mayada Elsabbagh, Divan Gauri, Koh Yun‐Joo, Shin Kim Young, Kauchali Shuaib, Marcín Carlos, Cecilia Montiel‐Nava, Patel Vikram, Paula Cristiane, Chongying Wang, Mohammad Taghi Yasamy, and Eric Fombonne. 2012. Global Prevalence of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Autism Research 5.3: 160-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.239.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. Sue Fletcher-Watson and Kevin Durkin. 2015. Uses of new technologies by young people with neurodevelopmental disorders: Motivations processes and cognition. In D. Riby & J. ven Herwergen (eds.) Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Research Challenges and Solutions. Oxford University Press, Oxford UK.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Arup Kumar Ghosh, Karla Badillo-Urquiola, Shion Guha, Joseph J. LaViola Jr, and Pamela J. Wisniewski. 2018. Safety vs. Surveillance: What Children Have to Say about Mobile Apps for Parental Control. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 124, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173698.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, Steven Kapp, Christina Shane-Simpson and Ted Hutman. 2014. Intersections between the autism spectrum and the internet: Perceived benefits and preferred functions of computer-mediated communication. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52.6: 456–469. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-52.6.456.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Bethany Good and Lin Fang. 2015. Promoting Smart and Safe Internet Use Among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Parents. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43.2: 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-015-0519-4.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Robert Goodman. 1997. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38.5: 581-586. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  14. Robert Goodman, Tamsin Ford, Helen Simmons, Rebecca Gatward and Howart Meltzer. 2000. Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for children between 11 and 17 years old in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 534–539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/appy.12194/full.Robert.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Robert Goodman, Tamsin Ford, Helen Simmons, Rebecca Gatward, & Howart Meltzer. 2003. Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. International Review of Psychiatry, 15.2: 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.534.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Rachel Grove, Rosa A Hoekstra, Marlies Wierda, and Sander Begeer. 2018. Special Interests and Subjective Wellbeing in Autistic Adults. Autism Research 11.5: 766-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1931.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  17. Victoria E. Hamilton, Jan M. Matthews and Sharinne B. Crawford. 2015. Development and Preliminary Validation of a Parenting Self-Regulation Scale: “Me as a Parent.” Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24.10: 2853–2864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0089-z.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  18. Heidi Hartikainen, Netta Iivari, and Marianne Kinnula. 2016. Should We Design for Control, Trust or Involvement? Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children - IDC 16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930680.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Uwe Hasebrink, Sonia Livingstone and Leslie Haddon. 2008. Comparing children's online opportunities and risks across Europe: Cross-national comparisons for EU Kids Online. London: EU Kids Online (Deliverable 3.2.).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Susan H. Hedges, Samuel L. Odom, Kara Hume, and Ann Sam. 2018. Technology Use as a Support Tool by Secondary Students with Autism. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 22.1: 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317717976.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. Tracy L. Jones and Ronald J. Prinz. 2005. Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review 25, 3 (2005), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  22. Mike Just and Tessa Berg. 2017. Keeping Children Safe Online: Understanding the Concerns of Carers of Children with Autism. In Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2017: 16th IFIP TC 13 International Conference Mumbai, India, September 25–29, 2017 Proceedings, Part III (pp. 34-53). (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Vol. 10515). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67687-6_3.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Zsuszsa Kaldy, Ivy Giserman, Alice S. Carter and Erik Blaser. 2016. The mechanisms underlying the ASD advantage in visual search.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46.5:1513–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1957-x.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Melissa H. Kuo, Gael I. Orsmond, Wendy J. Coster and Ellen S. Cohn. 2014. Media use among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 18.8: 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313497832.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Shona Landon. 2016. Romantic Relationships: An Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Young Women who identify with a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Professional Doctorate Thesis, University of East London.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Margaret H. Laurie, Petra Warreyn, Blanca V. Uriarte, Charlotte Boonen and Sue Fletcher-Watson. 2018. An International Survey of Parental Attitudes to Technology Use by Their Autistic Children at Home. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3798-0.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Yael Leitner. 2014. The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children - What do we know? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8.1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00268.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Alissa Levy and Adrienne Perry. 2011. Outcomes in adolescents and adults with autism: A review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1271-1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.023.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. Liza Little. 2002. Middle-Class Mothers’ Perceptions of Peer and Sibling Victimization among Children with Asperger's Syndrome and Nonverbal Learning Disorders.  Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 25.1:43-57. https://doi.org/0.1080/014608602753504847.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. Sonia Livingstone. 2009. Children and the internet: great expectations, challenging realities. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Sonia Livingstone and Leslie Haddon. 2009. EU kids online: Final report. In EU kids online. EC safer internet plus programme deliverable D6.5.LSE, London.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Sonia Livingstone and Peter K. Smith. 2014. Annual Research Review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies: the nature, prevalence and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55, 6 (2014), 635–654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12197.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  33. Rachel Loomes, Laura Hull, & William P.L Mandy. 2017. What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56.6: 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  34. Jennifer A. Macmullin, Yona Lunsky, and Jonathan A Weiss. 2016. Plugged In: Electronics Use in Youth and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism 20.1: 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314566047.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  35. Sheila Mansell, Dick Sobsey and Rosemary Moskal. 1988. Clinical findings among sexually abused children with and without developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 36.1: 12?22. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(1998)036<0012:CFASAC>2.0.CO;2.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Giovanna Mascheroni and Kjartan Ólafsson. 2016. The mobile Internet: Access, use, opportunities and divides among European children. New Media & Society 18, 8 (September 2016), 1657–1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444814567986.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  37. Micah O.O. Mazurek, and Colleen Wenstrup. 2013. Television, Video Game and Social Media Use among Children with ASD and Typically Developing Siblings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43.6: 1258-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1659-9.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. Micah O. O. Mazurek, Christopher R. R. Engelhardt, and Kelsey E. E. Clark. 2015. Video Games from the Perspective of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Computers in Human Behavior, 51: 122-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.062.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Mike McGuire and Samantha Dowling. 2013. Cyber crime: A review of the evidence. Retrieved from www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246751/horr75- chap1.pdf.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Damien E Milton. 2014. Autistic expertise: A critical reflection on the production of knowledge in autism studies. Autism, 18.7: 794–802. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314525281.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. Guillermo Montes. 2016. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Screen Time: Results from a Large, Nationally Representative US Study. Academic Pediatrics, 16.2: 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.007.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  42. Laurent Mottron, Michelle Dawson, Isabelle Soulières, Benedichte Hubert and Jack Burack. 2006. Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36.1: 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  43. Brenda Nally, Bob Houlton, and Sue Ralph. 2000 Researches in Brief: The Management of Television and Video by Parents of Children with Autism. Autism 4.3: 331-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361300004003008.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  44. Ajaya Neupane, Kiavash Satvat, Nitesh Saxena, Despina Stavrinos, and Haley Johnson Bishop. 2018. Do Social Disorders Facilitate Social Engineering?: A Case Study of Autism and Phishing Attacks. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274694.3274730.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. Craig J. Newschaffer, Lisa A. Croen, Julie Daniels, Ellen Giarelli, Judith K. Grether, Susan E. Levy, Jeniffer Pinto-Martin, Judy Reaven, Ann M. Reynolds, Catherine E. Rice, Diana Schendel and Gayle C. Windham. 2007. The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 28.1: 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  46. Gael I. Orsmond, and Hsin-Yu. Kuo. 2011. The Daily Lives of Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Discretionary Time Use and Activity Partners. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 15.5: 579-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361310386503.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Elizabeth Pellicano, Alastair D. Smith, Filipe Cristino, Bruce M. Hood, Josie Briscoe and Iain D. Gilchrist .2011. Children with autism are neither systematic nor optimal foragers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108.1.: 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014076108.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  48. Laurie E. Powers, Mary Ann Curry, Mary Oschwald, Susan Maley, Marsha Eckels and Karyl Saxton. 2002. Barriers and strategies in addressing abuse within personal assistance relationships: A survey of disabled women's experiences. Journal of Rehabilitation, 68.1: 4-13.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  49. Cynthia Putnam and Lorna Chong. 2008. Software and technologies designed for people with autism: what do users want? In Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility  (Assets '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1145/1414471.1414475.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. Victoria Rideout. 2013. Zero to eight: Children's media use in America 2013. Common Sense Media, 1-31.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  51. Victoria Rideout. 2017. The Common Sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  52. Chad A. Rose, and Lisa E. Monda-Amaya. 2012. Bullying and Victimization among Students with Disabilities: Effective Strategies for Classroom Teachers. Intervention in School and Clinic 48.2: 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451211430119.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  53. Matthew E. Roth and Jennifer M. Gillis. 2015. “Convenience with the Click of a Mouse”: A Survey of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder on Online Dating. Sexuality and Disability, 33.1: 133–150. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11195-014-9392-2.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  54. Ginny Russell, Lauren R. Rodgers and Tamsin Ford. 2013. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire as a predictor of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS ONE, 8.12: E80247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080247.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  55. Kamran A. Salayev and Bjarte Sanne. 2017. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) in autism spectrum disorders. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 16.3: 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0025.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  56. Kamran A Salayev, Ikram Rustamov, Narmin Gadjiyeva, Rustam Salayev and Bjarte Sanne. 2016. The Discriminative Ability of the Azeri Version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Outpatient Practice.  Community Mental Health Journal, 52.8: 1106–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9791-y.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. Angela Sasse. 2015. Scaring and Bullying People into Security Won't Work. IEEE Security and Privacy,13.3: 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2015.65.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  58. Felicity Sedgewick, Laura Crane, Vivian Hill and Elizabeth Pellicano. 2019. Friends and Lovers: The Relationships of Autistic and Neurotypical Women. Autism in Adulthood. 1.2: 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0028.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  59. Howard C. Shane and Patti Ducoff. 2008. Electronic screen media for persons with autism spectrum disorders: Results of a survey. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38.8: 1499–1508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0527-5.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  60. Aya Shirama, Nobumasa Kato, & Makio Kashino. 2017. When do individuals with autism spectrum disorder show superiority in visual search? Autism, 21.8: 942–951. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316656943.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  61. Aaron Smith, & Jan L.B. Boyles. 2012. The Rise of the “Connected Viewer”. Pew Research Centre: Pew Research Centre's Internet & American Life Project.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Emma Sorbring and Linda Lundin. 2012. Mothers’ and fathers’ insights into teenagers’ use of the internet.  New Media & Society 14, 7 (October 2012), 1181–1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440160.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  63. Katta Spiel, Christopher Frauenberger, Os Keyes, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2019. Agency of Autistic Children in Technology Research—A Critical Literature Review.  ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 26, 6 (February 2019), 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3344919.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  64. Elizabeth Staksrud and Sonia Livingstone. 2009. Children and online risk: powerless victims or resourceful participants? Information Communication and Society, 12.3: 364–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802635455.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  65. Anja Stiller and Thomas Mößle. 2018. Media use among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5: 227–246. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s4048 9-018-0135-7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  66. Katherine Valencia, Cristian Rusu, Daniela Quiñones, and Erick Jamet. 2019. The Impact of Technology on People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review.  Sensors 19, 20 (2019), 4485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204485.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  67. Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter. 2009. Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents: A Decade of Research Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents A Decade of Research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18.1: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  68. Gerrit I. van Schalkwyk, Carla E. Marin, Mayra Ortiz, Max Rolison, Zheala Qayyum, James C. McPartland, Eli R. Lebowitz, Fred R. Volkmar and Wendy K. Silverman. 2017. Social Media Use, Friendship Quality, and the Moderating Role of Anxiety in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 47.9: 2805-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3201-6.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  69. Yang Wang, Leon Pedro, Acquisti Alessandro, Lorrie Cranor, Alain Forget, and Norman Sadeh. 2014. A Field Trial of Privacy Nudges for Facebook. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 2367-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557413.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  70. Melissa Wells, and Kimberly J. Mitchell. 2014. Patterns of Internet Use and Risk of Online Victimization for Youth With and Without Disabilities. Journal of Special Education,48.3: 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022466913479141.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  71. Nancy Willard. 2012. Cyber Savvy: Embracing Digital Safety and Civility. Corwin Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  72. Michelle F. Wright. 2017. Parental mediation, cyber victimization, adjustment difficulties, and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Cyberpsychology, 11(1Special Issue). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2017-1-6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  73. Michelle F. Wright and Sebastian Wachs. 2019. Does Peer Rejection Moderate the Associations among Cyberbullying Victimization, Depression, and Anxiety among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Children (Basel, Switzerland), 6.3: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/children603004.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  74. Jun Zhao, Ge Wang, Carys Dally, Petr Slovak, Julian Edbrooke-Childs, Max Van Kleek, and Nigel Shadbolt. 2019. `I make up a silly name’: Understanding Children's Perception of Privacy Risks Online. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 106, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300336.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Are autistic children more vulnerable online? Relating autism to online safety, child wellbeing and parental risk management
      Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in
      • Published in

        cover image ACM Other conferences
        NordiCHI '20: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society
        October 2020
        1177 pages
        ISBN:9781450375795
        DOI:10.1145/3419249

        Copyright © 2020 ACM

        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        • Published: 26 October 2020

        Permissions

        Request permissions about this article.

        Request Permissions

        Check for updates

        Qualifiers

        • research-article
        • Research
        • Refereed limited

        Acceptance Rates

        NordiCHI '20 Paper Acceptance Rate89of399submissions,22%Overall Acceptance Rate379of1,572submissions,24%

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      HTML Format

      View this article in HTML Format .

      View HTML Format