Tian He
Abstract
Sensor networks, a novel paradigm in distributed wireless communication technology, have been proposed for various applications including military surveillance and environmental monitoring. These systems deploy heterogeneous collections of sensors capable of observing and reporting on various dynamic properties of their surroundings in a time sensitive manner. Such systems suffer bandwidth, energy, and throughput constraints that limit the quantity of information transferred from end-to-end. These factors coupled with unpredictable traffic patterns and dynamic network topologies make the task of designing optimal protocols for such networks difficult. Mechanisms to perform data-centric aggregation utilizing application-specific knowledge provide a means to augmenting throughput, but have limitations due to their lack of adaptation and reliance on application-specific decisions. We, therefore, propose a novel aggregation scheme that adaptively performs application-independent data aggregation in a time sensitive manner. Our work isolates aggregation decisions into a module that resides between the network and the data-link layer and does not require any modifications to the currently existing MAC and network layer protocols. We take advantage of queuing delay and the broadcast nature of wireless communication to concatenate network units into an aggregate using a novel adaptive feedback scheme to schedule the delivery of this aggregate to the MAC layer for transmission. In our evaluation we show that end-to-end transmission delay is reduced by as much as 80% under heavy traffic loads. Additionally, we show as much as a 50% reduction in transmission energy consumption with an overall reduction in header overhead. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and a test-bed implementation on Berkeley's MICA motes are provided to validate our claims.
- Abdelzaher, T. F., et al. 2003. EnviroTrack: An Environmental Programming Model for Tracking Applications in Distributed Sensor Networks. Tech. Rep. CS-2003-02, University of Virginia.Google Scholar
- Adamou, M., Khanna, S., Lee, I., Shin, I., and Zhou, S. 2001. Fair real-time traffic scheduling over a wireless LAN. In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE RTSS 2001, London, UK. Google Scholar
- ANSI/IEEE. 1999. Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications. ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition.Google Scholar
- Bharghavan, V., Demers, A., Shenker, S., and Zhang, L. 1994. MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LANs. In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM '94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications. 212--225. Google Scholar
- Bhattacharya, S., Kim, H., Prabh, S., Abdelzaher, T. F. 2003. Energy-conserving data placement and asynchronous multicast in wireless sensor networks. In The First International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys), San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar
- Blum, B., Nagaraddi, P., Wood, A., Abdelzaher, T., Son, S., and Stankovic, J. A. 2003. An entity maintenance and connection service for sensor networks. In Proceedings of The First International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys), San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar
- Chen, B., Jamieson, K., Balakrishnan, H., and Morris, R. 2001. Span: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM MOBICOM Conference, Rome, Italy. Google Scholar
- CrossBow. 2003. Available from http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/MICA%20data%20sheet.pdf.Google Scholar
- Fullmer, C. and Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. 1995. Floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) for packet radio networks. Comput. Commun. Rev. 25, 4. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guo, C., Zhong, L. C., and Rabaey, J. M. 2001. Low power distributed MAC for ad hoc sensor radio networks. In Proceedings of IEEE GlobeCom 2001, San Antonio.Google Scholar
- He, T., Gu, L., and Blum, B. 2002. Nest Project Source Code Base. Available from http://sourceforge.net/projects/vert/.Google Scholar
- He, T., Stankovic, J. A., Lu, C., and Abdelzaher, T. F. 2003. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks. In International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2003), Providence, RI. Google Scholar
- Heidemann, J., Silva, F., Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., Estrin, D., and Ganesan, D. 2001. Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low-level naming. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Lake Louise, Banff, Canada. Google Scholar
- Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. 2000. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In Proceedings of HICSS '00. Google Scholar
- Heinzelman, W. R., Kulik, J., and Balakrishnan, H. 1999. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of MobiCOM 1999, Seattle. 174--185. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hill, J., Szewczyk, R., Woo, A., Hollar, S., Culler, D., and Pister, K. 2000. System architecture directions for network sensors. In Proceedings of ASPLOS. Google Scholar
- Intanagonwiwat, C., Estrin, D., Govindan, R., and Heidemann, J. 2002. Impact of network density on data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Vienna, Austria. IEEE. Google Scholar
- Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., and Estrin, D. 2000. Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In Proceedings of MobiCOM 2000, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
- Johnson, D. B. and Maltz, D. A. 1996. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Mobile Computing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 153--181, Chapter 5.Google Scholar
- Kanodia, V., Li, C., Sabharwal, A., Sadeghi, B., and Knightly, E. W. 2001. Distributed multi-hop scheduling and medium access with delay and throughput constraints. In Proceedings of MobiCOM 2001, Rome, Italy. Google Scholar
- Karn, P. 1990. MACA---A new channel access method for packet radio. In ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. 134--140.Google Scholar
- Karp, B. 2002. Geographic Routing for Wireless Networks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Google Scholar
- Krishnamachari, B., Estrin, D., and Wicker, S. 2002. Impact of data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In International Workshop on Distributed Event-Based Systems, Vienna, Austria. Google Scholar
- Lim, A., 2001. Distributed services for information dissemination in self-organizing sensor networks. Special Issue on Distributed Sensor Networks for Real-Time Systems with Adaptive Reconfiguration, Journal of Franklin Institute.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lu, C., Blum, B. M., Abdelzaher, T. F., Stankovic, J. A., and He, T. 2002. RAP: A teal-time communication architecture for large-scale wireless sensor networks. In IEEE RTAS 2002, San Jose, CA. Google Scholar
- Madden, S. R., Hellerstein, M. J., and Hong, W. 2002. TAG: A tiny aggregation service for ad-hoc sensor networks. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation (OSDI). Google Scholar
- Madden, S. R., Franklin, M. J., Hellerstein, J. M., and Hong, W. 2003. The design of an acquisitional query processor for sensor networks. In Proceedings of SIGMOD. Google Scholar
- Min, R., Bhardwaj, M., Cho, S.H., Sinha, A., Shih, E., Wang, A., and Chandrakasan, A. 2000. An architecture for a power-aware distributed microsensor node. In IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS '00).Google Scholar
- Nagpal, R. and Coore, D. 1998. An algorithm for group formation in an amorphous computer. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems (PDCS'98), Nevada.Google Scholar
- Takagi, H. and Kleinrock, L. 1984. Optimal transmission ranges for randomly distributed packet radio terminals. IEEE Trans. Commun. 32, 3, 246--257.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Woo, A. and Culler, D. 2001. A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks. In Proceedings of MobiCOM 2001, Rome, Italy. Google Scholar
- Xu, Y., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. 2001. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2001), Rome, Italy. Google Scholar
- Yan, T, He, T., and Stankovic, J. 2003. A differentiated surveillance service for sensor networks. In First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2003), Los Angeles, CA. Google Scholar
- Ye, W., Heidemann, J. and Estrin, D. 2002. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, NY.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- AIDA: Adaptive application-independent data aggregation in wireless sensor networks
Recommendations
Efficient algorithms for maximum lifetime data gathering and aggregation in wireless sensor networks
The rapid advances in processor, memory, and radio technology have enabled the development of distributed networks of small, inexpensive nodes that are capable of sensing, computation, and wireless communication. Sensor networks of the future are ...
Radius reconfiguration for energy conservation in sensor networks
The sensing range of a sensor node significantly affects its energy consumption. This study focuses on allowing each sensor to dynamically adjust its sensing radius so that the global coverage of the whole detecting area remains unchanged, while ...
Achieving long-term surveillance in VigilNet
Energy efficiency is a fundamental issue for outdoor sensor network systems. This article presents the design and implementation of multidimensional power management strategies in VigilNet, a major recent effort to support long-term surveillance using ...
Comments