Phonetica was published by Karger Publishers up to and including 2020. If you or your institution subscribed to Phonetica during that period, you might still have access to the full text of this article on the Karger platform if you cannot access it here.
Abstract
Vowel reduction may involve phonetic reduction processes, with nonreached targets, and/or phonological processes in which a vowel target is changed for another target, possibly schwa. Coratino, a dialect of southern Italy, displays complex vowel reduction processes assumed to be phonological. We analyzed a corpus representative of vowel reduction in Coratino, based on a set of a hundred pairs of words contrasting a stressed and an unstressed version of a given vowel in a given consonant environment, produced by 10 speakers. We report vowelformants together with consonant-to-vowel formant trajectories and durations, and show that these data are rather in agreement with a change in vowel target from /i e ɛ·ɔ u/ to schwa when the vowel is a non-word-initial unstressed utterance, unless the vowel shares a place-of-articulation feature with the preceding or following consonant. Interestingly, it also appears that there are 2 targets for phonological reduction, differing in F1 values. A “higher schwa” - which could be considered as /ɨ/ - corresponds to reduction for high vowels /i u/ while a “lower schwa” - which could be considered as /ə/ - corresponds to reduction for midhigh
verified
References
1 Agwuele A (2003): The effect of stress on consonantal loci; in Solé MJ, Recasens D, Romero J (ed s): Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences. Adelaide, Causal Publications, pp 787-790.Search in Google Scholar
2 Agwuele A, Sussman HM, Lindblom B, Miller A (2007): Differentiating the effect of speech tempo on CV coarticulation. ICPhS XVI 16:617-620.Search in Google Scholar
3 Backley P (2011): An Introduction to Element Theory. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.Search in Google Scholar
4 Barnes J (2004): Vowel reduction in Russian: the categorical and the gradient. Boston, MA. Handout from LSA, 78. http://www.bu.edu/linguistics/UG/barnes/LSA%202004%20-%20Russian%20VR.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
5 Barnes J (2006): Strength and Weakness at the Interface: Positional Neutralization in Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin, de Gruyter, vol 10.Search in Google Scholar
6 Beckman J (1998): Positional Faithfulness. Amherst, University of Massachusetts.Search in Google Scholar
7 Bendjaballah S (1995): Aspects apophoniques de la vocalisation du verbe berbère (kabyle); in Zribi-Hertz A (ed): Actes du 2nd Colloque Langues et Grammaire. Paris, Université Paris-8.Search in Google Scholar
8 Bendjaballah S (2001): The negative preterite in Kabyle Berber. Folia Linguist 34:185-223.Search in Google Scholar
9 Bendjaballah S (2005): Longueur phonologique des voyelles en kabyle. Etudes et Documents Berbères 22:47-69.Search in Google Scholar
10 Boersma P, Weenink D (2014): Praat: doing phonetics by computer (computer program). Version 5.3.63. http://www.praat.org/ (accessed January 24, 2014).Search in Google Scholar
11 Browman CP, Goldstein L (1990): Representation and reality: physical systems and phonological structure. J Phon 18:411-424.10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30382-1Search in Google Scholar
12 Bucci J (2013a): Raddoppiamento Fonosintattico induit par l'accent et ré duction vocalique en Italie: perspectives phonologique et dialectologique; PhD dissertation, Université de Nice.Search in Google Scholar
13 Bucci J (2013b): Voyelles longues virtuelles et réduction vocalique en coratin. Can J Linguist/Rev Can Linguist 58:397-414.10.1017/S0008413100002632Search in Google Scholar
14 Bucci J (2017): L'alternance des voyelles moyennes en coratin: une analyse basée sur la théorie des éléments. Can J Linguist, DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2017.22.10.1017/cnj.2017.22Search in Google Scholar
15 Bybee JL (2013): Usage-based theory and exemplar representations of constructions; in Trousdale G, Hoffmann T (eds): The Oxford Handbook of Construction Grammar. Oxford, Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0004Search in Google Scholar
16 Charette M, Göksel A (1994): Vowel harmony and switching in Turkic languages. SOAS Work Pap Linguist Phon 4:31-52.Search in Google Scholar
17 Charette M, Göksel A (1996): Licensing constraints and vowel harmony in Turkic languages. SOAS Work Pap Linguist Phon 6:1-5.Search in Google Scholar
18 Chierchia G (1986): Length, syllabification and the phonological cycle in Italian. J Ital Linguist 8:5-34.Search in Google Scholar
19 Chomsky N (1965): Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MIT Press.10.21236/AD0616323Search in Google Scholar
20 Chomsky N, Halle M (1968): The Sound Pattern of English. New York, Harper & Row.Search in Google Scholar
21 Crystal TH, House AS (1988): Segmental durations in connected-speech signals: current results. J Acoust Soc Am 83:1553-1573.10.1121/1.395911Search in Google Scholar
22 De Jong K, Beckman ME, Edwards J (1993): The interplay between prosodic structure and coarticulation. Lang Speech 36:197-212.10.1177/002383099303600305Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23 D'Introno F, Weston RM (1997): Preservazione, cambio e riduzione vocalica in Coratino: effetti e strategia dell'OCP; in Agostini L, Bonucci P, Gianecchini G, Lorenzi F, Reali L (eds): Atti de terzo convegno della Società internazionale di linguistica e filologia italiana. Napoli, Edizioni scientifiche Italiane, pp 287-302.Search in Google Scholar
24 D'Introno F, Weston RM (2000): Vowel alternation, vowel consonant assimilation and OCP effects in a Barese dialect; in Repetti L (ed): Phonological Theory and the Dialects of Italy. Amsterdam, Benjamins, pp 89-110.10.1075/cilt.212.07dinSearch in Google Scholar
25 Erickson D, Fujimura O, Pardo B (1998): Articulatory correlates of prosodic control: emotion and emphasis. Lang Speech 41:399-417.10.1177/002383099804100408Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26 Fischer-Jörgensen E (1964): Sound duration and place of articulation. Z Sprachwiss Kommunikationsforsch 17:175-207.Search in Google Scholar
27 Flemming E (2001): Scalar and categorical phenomena in a unified model of phonetics and phonology. Phonology 18:7-44.10.1017/S0952675701004006Search in Google Scholar
28 Flemming E (2005): Speech perception and phonological contrast; in Pisoni D, Remez R (eds): The Handbook of Speech Perception. Oxford, Blackwell, pp 156-181.Search in Google Scholar
29 Flemming E (2007): The phonetics of schwa vowels. MSc from MIT, 12/08/07. http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/schwaphonetics.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
30 Fougeron C, Keating PA (1997): Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. J Acoust Soc Am 101:3728-3740.10.1121/1.418332Search in Google Scholar PubMed
31 Fougeron C, Gendrot C, Bürki A (2007): On the phonetic identity of French schwa, compared to /ø/ and /oe/. Actes des 5èmes Journées d'Etudes Linguistiques, Nantes, pp 83-88.Search in Google Scholar
32 Fourakis M (1991): Tempo, stress, and vowel reduction in American English. J Acoust Soc Am 90:1816-1827.10.1121/1.401662Search in Google Scholar PubMed
33 Gay T (1977): Articulatory movements in VCV sequences. J Acoust Soc Am 62:183-193.10.1121/1.381480Search in Google Scholar PubMed
34 Geng C, Mooshammer C (2004): The Hungarian palatal stop: phonological considerations and phonetic data. ZAS Pap Linguist 37:221-243.10.21248/zaspil.37.2004.250Search in Google Scholar
35 Goldinger S D (1996): Words and voices: episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 22:1166.10.1037//0278-7393.22.5.1166Search in Google Scholar PubMed
36 Goldsmith J (1976): Autosegmental Phonology. Bloomington, Indiana UniversitySearch in Google Scholar
37 Goldsmith J (1990): Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford, Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
38 Guenther FH (1995): Speech sound acquisition, coarticulation, and rate effects in a neural network model of speech production. Psychol Rev 102:594-621.10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.594Search in Google Scholar PubMed
39 Hamann S (2011): The phonetics-phonology interface; in Kula N, Botma B, Nasukawa K (eds): Continuum Companion to Phonology. London, Continuum, pp 202-224.Search in Google Scholar
40 Harrington J, Schiel F (2017): /u/-fronting and agent-based modeling: the relationship between the origin and spread of sound change. Language 93:414-445.10.1353/lan.2017.0019Search in Google Scholar
41 Harris J, Lindsey G (1995): The elements of phonological representation; in Durand J, Katamba F (eds): Frontiers of Phonology: Atoms, Structures, Derivations. Harlow, Longman, pp 34-79.Search in Google Scholar
42 Hjelmslev L (1936): On the Principles of Phonematics. Cambridge, Cambidge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
43 Honeybone P (2005): Sharing makes us stronger: process inhibition and segmental structure; in Carr P, Durand J, Colin J (eds): Headhood, Elements, Specification and Contrastivity: Phonological Papers in Honour of John Anderson. Amsterdam, Benjamins, pp 167-192.Search in Google Scholar
44 Hothorn T, Franck Bertz F, Westfall P (2008): Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometr J 50:346-363.10.1002/bimj.200810425Search in Google Scholar PubMed
45 Iskarous K, Mooshammer C, Hoole P, Recasens D, Shadle C H, Saltzman E, Whalen D H (2013): The coarticulation/invariance scale: mutual information as a measure of coarticulation resistance, motor synergy, and articulatory invariance. J Acoust Soc Am 134:127-1282.10.1121/1.4812855Search in Google Scholar PubMed
46 Jun SA, Fougeron C (2000): A phonological model of French intonation; in Botinis A (ed): Intonation: Analysis, Modeling and Technology. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 209-242.10.1007/978-94-011-4317-2_10Search in Google Scholar
47 Jun SA, Fougeron C (2002): The realization of the accentual phrase in French intonation. Probus 14:147-172.10.1515/prbs.2002.002Search in Google Scholar
48 Kaye J (2001): Working with licensing constraints; in Dziubalska-Kołaczyk K (ed):Constraints and Preferences. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, pp 251-268.Search in Google Scholar
49 Kaye J, Lowenstamm J, Vergnaud J R (1985): The internal structure of phonological elements: a theory of charm and government. Phonol Yearb 2:305-328.10.1017/S0952675700000476Search in Google Scholar
50 Keating P (1985): Universal phonetics and the organization of grammars; in Fromkin V (ed): Phonetic Linguistics. Orlando, Academic Press, pp 115-132.Search in Google Scholar
51 Kingston J (2006): The phonetics phonology interface; in de Lacy P (ed): The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp 401-434.Search in Google Scholar
52 Kingston J, Beckman M E (1990): Papers in Laboratory Phonology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, vol 1: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech.10.1017/CBO9780511627736Search in Google Scholar
53 Klatt DH (1967): Psychophysical Reality of the Distinctive Features of Phonology. J Acoust Soc Am 42:1181-1182.10.1121/1.2144062Search in Google Scholar
54 Larsen B U (1998): Vowel length, raddoppiamento sintattico and the selection of the definite article in Italian; in Sauzet P (ed): Langues et Grammaire. Paris, Université Paris-8, vol II-III: Phonologie, pp 87-102.Search in Google Scholar
55 Lehiste I (1970): Suprasegmentals. Cambridge, MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
56 Lindblom B (1963): Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. J Acoust Soc Am 35:1773-1781.10.1121/1.1918816Search in Google Scholar
57 Lindblom B (1967): Vowel duration and a model of lip mandible coordination. STL-QPSR 5:1-29.Search in Google Scholar
58 Lindblom B (1990): Explaining phonetic variation: a sketch of the H&H theory; in Hardcastle W, Marchal A (eds): Speech Production and Speech Modelling. Dordrecht, Kluwer, pp 403-439.10.1007/978-94-009-2037-8_16Search in Google Scholar
59 Lobanov B M (1971): Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different speakers. J Acoust Soc Am 49:606-608.10.1121/1.1912396Search in Google Scholar
60 Loporcaro M (1988): Grammatica storica del dialetto di Altamura. Pisa, Giardini.Search in Google Scholar
61 Loporcaro M (2011): Syllable, segment and prosody; in Maiden M, Smith JC, Ledgeway A (eds): The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, vol 1: Structures, pp 50-108.10.1017/CHOL9780521800723.004Search in Google Scholar
62 Loevenbruck H, Perrier P (1997): Motor control information recovering from the dynamics with the EP hypothesis. Proceedings of EUROSPEECH'97, Rhodos, vol 4, pp 2035-2038.10.21437/Eurospeech.1997-539Search in Google Scholar
63 Lowenstamm J (1991): Vocalic length and syllable structure; in Kaye AS (ed): Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of his 85th Birthday. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, pp 949-965.Search in Google Scholar
64 Lowenstamm J (1999): The beginning of the word; in Renison JR, Kühnammer K (eds): Phonologica. The Hague, Thesus, pp 153-166.Search in Google Scholar
65 MacNeilage PF, De Clerk JL (1969): On the motor control of coarticulation in CVC monosyllables. J Acoust Soc Am 45:1217-1233.10.1121/1.1911593Search in Google Scholar PubMed
66 Maddieson I (1984): Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511753459Search in Google Scholar
67 Meunier C, Espesser R (2011): Vowel reduction in conversational speech in French: the role of lexical factors. J Phon 39: 271-278.10.1016/j.wocn.2010.11.008Search in Google Scholar
68 Modarresi G, Sussman H M, Lindblom B, Burlingame E (2005): Locus equation encoding of stop place: revisiting the voicing/VOT issue. J Phon 33:101-113.10.1016/j.wocn.2004.06.002Search in Google Scholar
69 Moon SJ, Lindblom B (1994): Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style in English stressed vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 96:40-55.10.1121/1.410492Search in Google Scholar
70 Ohala JJ (1993): The phonetics of sound change; in Jones C (ed): Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives. London, Longman, 237-278.Search in Google Scholar
71 Ohde RN, Sharf DJ (1975): Coarticulatory effects of voiced stops on the reduction of acoustic vowel targets. J Acoust Soc Am 58:923-927.10.1121/1.380746Search in Google Scholar PubMed
72 Perrier P, Loevenbruck H, Payan Y (1996): Control of tongue movements in speech: the equilibrium point hypothesis perspective. J Phon 24:53-75.10.1006/jpho.1996.0005Search in Google Scholar
73 Pierrehumbert J (1990): Phonological and phonetic representation. J Phon 18:375-394.10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30380-8Search in Google Scholar
74 Pierrehumbert J (2001): Exemplar dynamics: word frequency, lenition and contrast; in Bybee J, Hopper P (eds): Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam, Benjamins, pp 137-157.10.1075/tsl.45.08pieSearch in Google Scholar
75 Prince A, Smolensky P (2004): Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Phonology. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9780470759400Search in Google Scholar
76 Recasens D (1985): Coarticulatory patterns and degrees of coarticulatory resistance in Catalan CV sequences. Lang Speech 28:97-114.10.1177/002383098502800201Search in Google Scholar PubMed
77 Recasens D (2012): A study of jaw coarticulatory resistance and aggressiveness for Catalan consonants and vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 132:412-420.10.1121/1.4726048Search in Google Scholar PubMed
78 Recasens D, Fontdevila J, Pallarès MD (1995): Velarization degree and coarticulatory resistance for /I/ in Catalan and German. J Phon 23:37-52.10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-XSearch in Google Scholar
79 Rohlfs G (1966-1969): Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti. Torino, Einaudi.Search in Google Scholar
80 R Development Core Team (2008): R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org.Search in Google Scholar
81 Schwartz JL, Boë LJ, Vallée N, Abry C (1997): Major trends in vowel system inventories. J Phon 25:233-254.10.1006/jpho.1997.0044Search in Google Scholar
82 Ségéral P, Scheer T (2008): The coda mirror, stress and positional parameters; in Brandão de Carvalho J, Scheer T, Ségéral P (eds): Lenition and Fortition. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110211443.3.483Search in Google Scholar
83 Steriade D (1994): Complex onsets as single segments: the Mazateco pattern; in Cole J, Kisseberth C (eds): Perspectives in Phonology. Stanford, CSLI Publications, vol 51, pp 203-291.Search in Google Scholar
84 Stevens M, Harrington J (2016): The phonetic origins of /s/-retraction: acoustic and perceptual evidence from Australian English. J Phon 58:118-134.10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.003Search in Google Scholar
85 Sussman HM, Fruchter D, Hilbert J, Sirosh J (1998): Linear correlates in the speech signal: the orderly output constraint. Behav Brain Sci 21:241-259.10.1017/S0140525X98001174Search in Google Scholar PubMed
86 Sussman HM, Hoemeke KA, Ahmed FS (1993): A cross-linguistic investigation of locus equations as a phonetic descriptor for place of articulation. J Acoust Soc Am 94:1256-1268.10.1121/1.408178Search in Google Scholar PubMed
87 Sussman HM, McCaffrey HA, Matthews SA (1991): An investigation of locus equations as a source of relational invariance for stop place categorization. J Acoust Soc Am 90:1309-1325.10.1121/1.2029833Search in Google Scholar
88 Sussman HM, Shore J (1996): Locus equations as phonetic descriptors of consonantal place of articulation. Percept Psychophys 58:936-946.10.3758/BF03205495Search in Google Scholar PubMed
89 Valente V (1975): Profilo dei dialetti italiani: Puglia. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Centro di Studio per la Dialettologia Italiana. Pisa, Pacini, vol 15.Search in Google Scholar
90 Vihman M, Croft W (2007): Phonological development: toward a “radical” templatic phonology. Linguistics 45:683-725.10.1515/LING.2007.021Search in Google Scholar
91 Zoll C (1998): Positional Asymmetries and Licensing. Cambridge, MIT. http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/282-0998/roa-282-zoll-4.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel