ABSTRACT
Cryptographic algorithms of the past millennia were formulated under a single model by Claude Shannon in 1948, marking the beginning of modern cryptography. Various types of homomorphic encryption allow the reader to encrypt everything and work with encrypted data so that neither the computers nor the network need to be trusted. The interplay between cryptographic theory and applications opened up new areas of applications and also motivated the practitioners of the theory to develop new methods and algorithms. Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering. A public-key encryption algorithm is also a digital signature algorithm, the most notable example being the RSA algorithm. The quantum computer was developed based on the principles of quantum physics to perform computations.
