Abstract
We address a special kind of Internet of Things (IoT) systems that are also real-time. We call them real-time IoT (RT-IoT) systems. An RT-IoT system needs to meet timing constraints of system delay, clock synchronization, deadline, and so on. The timing constraints turn to be more stringent as we get closer to the physical things. Based on the reference architecture of IoT (ISO/IEC 30141), the RT-IoT conceptual model is established. The idea of edge subsystem is introduced. The sensing & controlling domain is the basis of the edge subsystem, and the edge subsystem usually must meet the hard real-time constraints. The model includes four perspectives, the time view, computation view, communication view, and control view. Each view looks, from a different angle, at how the time parameters impact an RT-IoT system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelsamea MHA, Zorkany M, Abdelkader N, 2016. Real time operating systems for the Internet of Things, vision, architecture and research directions. World Symp on Computer Applications & Research, p.72–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSCAR.2016.21
Bello O, Zeadally S, 2016. Intelligent device-to-device communication in the Internet of Things. IEEE Syst J, 10(3):1172–1182. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2014.2298837
Buttazzo GC, 2008. Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications. Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Catarinucci L, de Donno D, Mainetti L, et al., 2015. An IoT-aware architecture for smart healthcare systems. IEEE Int Things J, 2(6):515–526. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2015.2417684
Davis RI, 2014. A review of fixed priority and EDF scheduling for hard real-time uniprocessor systems. SIGBED Rev, 11(1):8–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/2597457.2597458
Gao ZG, Lu HJ, 2012. Research on schedulability analysis for hard real-time systems in Internet of Things. Telecommun Sci, 28(1):92–97 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/jissn.1000-0801.2012.01.018
Hossain MS, Muhammad G, 2016. Cloud-assisted industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-enabled framework for health monitoring. Comput Netw, 101:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2016.01.009
ISO/IEC, 2018. Internet of Things (IoT)—Reference Architecture. ISO/IEC 30141:2018. National Standards of America.
Jin HK, 2017. A review of cyber-physical system research relevant to the emerging IT trends: Industry 4.0, IoT, big data, and cloud computing. J Ind Integr Manag, 2(3):1750011. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424862217500117
Jung H, Lee IH, 2017. Performance analysis of three-dimensional clustered device-to-device networks for Internet of Things. Wirel Commun Mob Comput, 2017:9628565. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9628565
Kim YK, Sang HS, 1995. Predictability and consistency in real-time database systems. In: Son SH (Ed.), Advances in Real-Time Systems. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
Li L, Li SC, Zhao SS, 2014. QoS-aware scheduling of services-oriented Internet of Things. IEEE Trans Ind Inform, 10(2):1497–1505. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2306782
Li SC, Xu LD, Zhao SS, 2018. 5G Internet of Things: a survey. J Ind Inform Integr, 10:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2018.01.005
Lin F, Shu SL, 2010. A review on cyber-physical systems. J Tongji Univ, 38(8):1243–1248 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/jissn.0253-374x.2010.08.026
Lindberg M, Arzen KE, 2010. Feedback control of cyber-physical systems with multi resource dependencies and model uncertainties. 31st IEEE Real-Time Systems Symp, p.85–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2010.14
Liu CL, Layland JW, 1973. Scheduling algorithms for multi-programming in a hard-real-time environment. J ACM, 20(1):46–61. https://doi.org/10.1145/321738.321743
Lu Y, 2017. Cyber physical system (CPS)-based Industry 4.0: a survey. J Ind Integr Manag, 2(3):1750014. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424862217500142
Mok AK, 1983. Fundamental Design Problems of Distributed Systems for the Hard-Real-Time Environment. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Palattella MR, Accettura N, Grieco LA, et al., 2013. On optimal scheduling in duty-cycled industrial IoT applications using IEEE802.15.4e TSCH. IEEE Sens J, 13(10):3655–3666. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2266417
Richardson M, Watteyne T, Thubert P, et al., 1997. IPv6 over the TSCH Mode of IEEE 802.15.4e. https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/95/slides/slides-95-6tisch-0.pdf
Salman N, Rasool I, Kemp AH, 2010. Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4 standards family for low rate wireless personal area networks. 7th Int Symp on Wireless Communication Systems, p.701–705. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISWCS.2010.5624516
Tao F, Zuo Y, Xu LD, et al., 2014. Internet of Things and bom-based life cycle assessment of energy-saving and emission-reduction of products. IEEE Trans Ind Inform, 10(2):1252–1261. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2306771
Thubert P, Watteyne T, Palattella MR, et al., 2013. IETF 6TSCH: combining IPv6 connectivity with industrial performance. Proc 7th Int Conf on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, p.541–546. https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC7554
Xu J, Andrepoulos Y, Xiao YZ, et al., 2014. Non-stationary resource allocation policies for delay-constrained video streaming: application to video over Internet-of-Things-enabled networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 32(4):782–794. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2014.140410
Xu LD, He W, Li SC, 2014. Internet of Things in industries: a survey. IEEE Trans Ind Inform, 10(4):2233–2243. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2300753
Zhang YF, Zhang G, Wang JQ, et al., 2015. Real-time information capturing and integration framework of the Internet of Manufacturing Things. Int J Comput Integr Manuf, 28(8):811–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2014.900874
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Bo YUAN, De-ji CHEN, Dong-mei XU, and Ming CHEN declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Project supported by the MITT Intelligent Manufacturing Project of China, the Study of Interconnection Standard and Experimental Verification in the Intelligent Manufacturing Plant for Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, and the Science and Technology Program of Jiangxi Province, China (No. 20161BBE50062)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yuan, B., Chen, Dj., Xu, Dm. et al. Conceptual model of real-time IoT systems. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 20, 1457–1464 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1900115
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1900115