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The supercomputers listed in Top500 and running the HPCG benchmark are usually not able to use more than 1–5 % of their peak computing power, and no system is able to achieve 1 PFlop/s. The paper shows that the Conjugate Gradient algorithm without preconditioning requires only weak bandwidth of interconnect links, but, being a problem of low arithmetic intensity (flop/byte ratio), it would need the memory bandwidth about 20 times greater than available.
Based on this, the paper investigates architecture features of a prospective cost effective processor with the memory bandwidth matching the computing power, when solving problems of low arithmetic intensity.
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