Skip to main content

Abstract

In recent years, evolutionary computation (EC) techniques have became one of the most popular heuristic search methods successively applied to solve complex research and real-life problems. This chapter presents an overview of the field of EC. Main concepts of biological evolution and some biological paradigms are shown, their influence on EC is discussed, and a general computational scheme currently used in EC is presented. The best recognized classes of EC algorithms are described, such as Evolution Strategies, Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, and Learning Classifier Systems. However, the main emphasise is on the class of Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Mechanisms of controlling evolutionary process in GAs are discussed, the most known variants of GAs are presented, and current issues of development of GAs are considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. D. Ackley, M. Litman (1994): A case for Lamarckian evolution. In: Langton C (ed) Artificial Life III, Reading, MA, Addison Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  2. R. K. Ahuja, J. B. Orlin (1997): Developing fitter GAs. Inform J. Computing, 9: 251–253.

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Bacardit, J. M. Garrel (2003): Evolving multiple discretizations with adaptive intervals for a Pittsburgh rule-based learning classifier system. In: [21]: 1818–1831.

    Google Scholar 

  4. T. Bäck, D. B. Fogel, Z. Michalewicz (eds) (1997): Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, IOP Publishing Ltd. and Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  5. S. Bandyopadhyay, H. Kargupta, G. Wang (1998): Revisiting the GEMGA: scalable evolutionary optimization through linkage learning. Proc. of the Fourth Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation: pp. 603–608.

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. Banzhaf, et al. (eds) Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference GECCO’99, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  7. T. Bäck, M. Schütz (1996): Intelligent mutation rate control in canonical genetic algorithms. In: Ras Z W, Michalewicz M (eds) Foundations of Intelligent Systems, Springer, LNAI 1079: 158–167.

    Google Scholar 

  8. A. Barry (2003): Limits in long path learning with XCS. In: [21]: 1832–1843.

    Google Scholar 

  9. P. J. Bentley, D. W. Corne (eds.) (2002): Creative Evolutionary Systems, Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. Beyer-G (2001): The theory of evolution strategies, Natural Computing Series, Springer, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. Beyer-G (2003): Introduction to evolution strategies. In: [44]: 384–426.

    Google Scholar 

  12. T. M. Blackwell (2003): Swarms in dynamic environments. In [20]: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  13. T. Blickle, L. Thiele (1996): A comparison of selection schemes used in evolutionary algorithms. Evolutionary Computation, 4: 361–394.

    Google Scholar 

  14. L. B. Booker, D. E. Goldberg, J. H. Holland (1989): Classifier systems and genetic algorithms. Artificial Intelligence 40: 235–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Branke (2002): Evolutionary Optimization in Dynamic Environments, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. V. Butz (2002): Biasing exploration in an anticipatory learning classifier system. In: Lanzi et al. (eds) Advances in Learning Classifier Systems, LNAI 2321, Springer: 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. V. Butz, K. Sastry, D. E. Goldberg (2003): Tournament selection: stable fitness pressure in XCS. In: [21]: 1857–1869.

    Google Scholar 

  18. E. Cantu-Paz (2003): Parallel genetic algorithms. In: [44]: 241–257.

    Google Scholar 

  19. E. Cantu-Paz (1999): Topologies, migration rates, and multi-population parallel genetic algorithms. In: [6]: 91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  20. E. Cantu-Paz et al. (eds) (2003): Genetic and Evolutionary Computation-GECCO 2003, Part I, LNCS 2723, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  21. E. Cantu-Paz et al. (eds) (2003): Genetic and Evolutionary Computation-GECCO 2003, Part II, LNCS 2724, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Z. S. H. Chan, H. W. Ngan, A. B. Rad (1999): Minimum-allele-reserve-keeper (MARK): a fast and effective mutation scheme for genetic algorithm. In: [6], 1: 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  23. H. Choe, S-S. Choi, B-R. Moon (2003): A hybrid genetic algorithm for hexagonal tortoise problem. In: [20]: 850–861.

    Google Scholar 

  24. C. A. Coello Coello (1999): A comprehensive survey of evolutionary-based multiobjective optimization techniques. Knowledge and Information Systems 1(3):269–308.

    Google Scholar 

  25. C. A. Coello Coello, D. A. Van Veldhuizen, G. B. Lamont (2002): Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving Multi-objective Problems. Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  26. D. Corn, M. Dorigo, F. Glover (eds) (1999): New Ideas in Optimization. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Y. Davidor, H-P. Schwefel, R. Manner (eds) (1994): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN III, LNCS 866, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  28. L. Davis (1991): Bit-climbing, representational bias, and test suite design. In: L. Booker, R. Belew (eds) Proc. of the 4th Int. Conf. on GAs, Morgan Kaufmann: 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  29. L. D. Davis (1999): Commercial applications of evolutionary computation: some case studies. In: [43]: 38–51.

    Google Scholar 

  30. D. Dawson (2003): Improving performance in size-constrained extended classifier systems. In: [21]: 1870–1881.

    Google Scholar 

  31. L. N. De Castro, J. Timmis (2002): Artificial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Approach, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  32. K. Deb, D. E. Goldberg (1989): An investigation on niche and species formation in genetic function optimization. In: Schaffer J D et al. (eds) Proc. of the Third Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: pp. 42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  33. I. De Falco, A. Iazzetta, E. Tarantino (1999): Towards a simulation of natural mutation. In: [6], 1: 156–163.

    Google Scholar 

  34. K. De Jong (1975): An Analysis of the Behavior of a Class of Genetic Adaptive Systems. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  35. K. De Jong (2003): Evolutionary computation: a unified approach. In: [44]: 644–652.

    Google Scholar 

  36. L. J. Eshelman (1991): The CHC adaptive search algorithm: how to have safe search when engaging in nontraditional genetic recombination. In: G. J. E. Rawlins (ed) Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA: 265–283.

    Google Scholar 

  37. F. P. Espinoza, B. S. Minsker, D. E. Goldberg (2003): Performance evaluation and population reduction for a self adaptive hybrid genetic algorithm (SAHGA). In: [20]: 922–933.

    Google Scholar 

  38. L. J. Fogel, A. J. Owens, M. J. Walsh (1966): Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution. John Wiley, Chichister, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  39. D. B. Fogel (1993): Applying evolutionary programming to selected traveling salesman problems. Cybern. Syst., 24: 27–36.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  40. D. B. Fogel (1995): Evolutionary Computation. Towards a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence, IEEE Press.

    Google Scholar 

  41. G. B. Fogel, K. Chellapilla (1999): Simulated sequencing by hybridization using evolutionary programming. In: Proc. of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 1: 463–469.

    Google Scholar 

  42. A. S. Fukunaga (1998): Restart scheduling for genetic algorithms. In: A. E. Eiben et al. (eds) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN V, Springer, LNCS 1498: 357–366.

    Google Scholar 

  43. GECCO-1999: 1999 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Tutorial Program. Orlando, Florida, July 14, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  44. GECCO-2003: 2003 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Tutorial Program. Chicago, Illinois, July 13, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  45. P. Gerard, O. Sigaud (2003): Designing efficient exploration with MACS: modules and function approximation. In: [21]: 1882–1893.

    Google Scholar 

  46. D. E. Goldberg (1989): Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusets.

    Google Scholar 

  47. D. E. Goldberg (2002): The Design of Innovation. Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London.

    Google Scholar 

  48. D. E. Goldberg, K. Deb, J. H. Clark (1992): Genetic algorithms, noise and the sizing of population. Complex Systems, 6: 333–362.

    Google Scholar 

  49. D. E. Goldberg, K. Deb, H. Kargupta, G. Harik (1993): Rapid, accurate optimization of difficult problems using fast messy genetic algorithms. Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms: 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  50. M. Gorges-Schleuter (1992): Comparison of local mating strategies in massively parallel genetic algorithms. In: B. Manderick (eds) (1992): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2. North-Holland [78]: 553–562.

    Google Scholar 

  51. J. Grefenstette (1997): Efficient implementation of algorithms. In: D. B. Fogel, Z. Michalewicz (eds) (1997): Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, IOP Publishing Ltd. and Oxford University Press [4]: E2.1:1–E2.1:6.

    Google Scholar 

  52. G. R. Harik (1997): Learning gene linkage to efficiently solve problems of bounded difficulty using genetic algorithms. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, also IlliGAL Report No. 97005.

    Google Scholar 

  53. G. R. Harik (1999): Linkage Learning via Probabilistic Modeling in the ECGA. IlliGAL Report No. 99010, Urbana, IL, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  54. W. Hart, R. Belew (1995): Optimization with genetic algorithm hybrids that use local search. In: R. Below and M. Mitchell (eds.) Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations: Models and Algorithms, Reading, MA, Addison Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  55. R. Heckendorn (2003): An introduction to genetic algorithms: theory and practice. In: [44]: 225–240.

    Google Scholar 

  56. W. D. Hillis (1992): Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure. In: C. G. Langton et al. (eds) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  57. G. E. Hinton, S. J. Nowlan (1987): How learning can guide evolution. Complex Systems, 1: 495–502.

    Google Scholar 

  58. T. P. Hoehn, C. C. Pettey (1999): Parental and cyclic-rate mutation in genetic algorithms: an initial investigation. In: [6], 1: 297–304.

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. H. Holland (1985): Properties of the bucket brigade algorithm. In: J. J. Grefenstette (ed) Proc. of the 1st Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. H. Holmes (1996): A genetics-based machine learning approach to knowledge discovery in clinical data. J. American Medical Informatics Association Supplement.

    Google Scholar 

  61. F. Hoffmeister, T. Bäck (1992): Genetic Algorithms and Evolution Strategies: Similarities and Differences. Technical Report No SYS-1/92, University of Dortmund.

    Google Scholar 

  62. G. Huang, A. Lim (2003): Designing a hybrid genetic algorithm for the linear ordering problem. In: [20]: 1053–1064.

    Google Scholar 

  63. P. Husbands (1994): Distributed coevolutionary genetic algorithms for multi-criteria and multi-constraint optimization. In: T. C. Fogarty (ed) Evolutionary Computing, LNCS 865, Springer: 150–165.

    Google Scholar 

  64. IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation (2002). Special issue on artificial immune systems, 6, 3(1).

    Google Scholar 

  65. A. Iorio, X. Li (2002): Parameter control within a co-operative co-evolutionary genetic algorithm. In: M. Guervos et al. (eds) Proc. of the Seventh Conf. on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN VII), Springer: pp. 247–256.

    Google Scholar 

  66. C. Z. Janikow (1996): A methodology for processing problem constraints in genetic programming. Computers and Mathematics with Applications, vol. 32, No 8: 97–113.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  67. C. Z. Janikow, R. A. Deshpande (2003): Adaptation of representation in GP. In: C. H. Dagli et al. (eds) Smart Engineering System Design, 13: 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  68. J. Kennedy, R. C. Eberhart (1999): The particle swarm: social adaptation in information-processing systems. In: M. Dorigo, F. Glover (eds) (1999): New Ideas in Optimization. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999 [26]: 379–387.

    Google Scholar 

  69. D. Knjazew (2002): OmeGA. A Competent Genetic Algorithm for Solving Permutation and Scheduling Problems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London.

    Google Scholar 

  70. J. R. Koza (1992): Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. R. Koza (2003): Introduction to genetic programming. In: [44]: 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  72. W. B. Langdon, R. Poli (2003): Foundations of genetic programming. In: [44]: 53–105.

    Google Scholar 

  73. S.-C. Lin, E. D. Goodman, W. F. Punch, III (1997): Investigating parallel genetic algorithms on job shop scheduling problems. In: Evolutionary Programming VI, LNCS 1213, Springer: 383–393.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J. Lis, A. E. Eiben (1996): A multi-sexual genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization. In: T. Fukuda, T. Furuhashi (eds) Proc. of the 1996 Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE: 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  75. A. J. Lotka (1925), Elements of Physical Biology, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  76. S. W. Mahfoud (1992): Crowding and preselection revisited. In: B. Manderick (eds) (1992): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2. North-Holland [78]: 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  77. W. N. Martin, J. Lienig, J. P. Cohoon (1997): Island (migration) models: evolutionary algorithms based on punctuated equlibria. In: D. B. Fogel, Z. Michalewicz (eds) (1997): Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, IOP Publishing Ltd. and Oxford University Press [4]: C6.3:1–C6.3:16.

    Google Scholar 

  78. R. Männer, B. Manderick (eds) (1992): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2. North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  79. M. McIlhagga, P. Husbands, R. Ives (1996): A comparison of optimization techniques for integrating manufacturing, planning and scheduling. In: [126]: 604–613.

    Google Scholar 

  80. O. J. Mengshoel, D. E. Goldberg (1999): Probabilistic crowding: deterministic crowding with probabilistic replacement. In: [6]: 409–416.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Z. Michalewicz (1996): Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Z. Michalewicz (1995): Evolutionary computation: an overview. In: J. Komorowski (eds) Proc. of the 8th Scandinavian Conf. on Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 28: 322–337.

    Google Scholar 

  83. M. Mitchell, J. H. Holland, S. Forrest (1994): When will a genetic algorithm outperform hill climbing. In: J. D. Cowan et al. (eds) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 6, Morgan Kaufmann: 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  84. M. Mitchel (1996): An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  85. T. M. Mitchell (1997): Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  86. P. Moscato (1999): Memetic algorithms: a short introduction. In: M. Dorigo, F. Glover (eds) (1999): New Ideas in Optimization. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999 [26]: 219–244.

    Google Scholar 

  87. H. Mühlenbein (1992): How genetic algorithms really work I. Mutation and hillclimbing. In: B. Manderick (eds) (1992): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2. North-Holland [78]: 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  88. H. Mühlenbein, D. Schlierkamp-Voosen (1994): The science of breeding and its application to the breeder genetic algorithm. Evolutionary Computation, 1: 335–360.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Y. Nagata, S. Kobayashi (1997): Edge assembly crossover: a high-power genetic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. In: T. Bäck (ed) Proc. of 7th Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA: 450–457.

    Google Scholar 

  90. V. Nissen, J. Biethahn (1995): An introduction to evolutionary algorithms. In: J. Biethahn and V. Nissen (eds) Evolutionary Algorithms in Management Applications, Springer: 3–97.

    Google Scholar 

  91. G. Ochoa, I. Harvey, H. Buxton (1999): On recombination and optimal mutation rates. In: [6], 1: 488–496.

    Google Scholar 

  92. C. C. Palmer (1994): An Approach to a Problem in Network Design using Genetic Algorithms. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Polytechnic University, Troy, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  93. J. Paredis (1994): Co-evolutionary constraint satisfaction. In: H-P. Schwefel, R. Manner (eds) (1994): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN III, LNCS 866, Springer [27]: 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  94. J. Paredis (1996): Coevolutionary life-time learning. In: [126]: 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  95. M. Pelikan, D. E. Goldberg, E. Cantu-Paz (1999): BOA: The Bayesian optimization algorithm. In: [6]: 525–532.

    Google Scholar 

  96. A. S. Perelson, R. Hightower, S. Forrest (1996): Evolution and somatic learning in V-Region genes. Research in Immunology, 147: 202–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. C. C. Pettey (1997): Diffusion (cellular) models. In: D. B. Fogel, Z. Michalewicz (eds) (1997): Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, IOP Publishing Ltd. and Oxford University Press [4]: C6.4:1–C6.4:6.

    Google Scholar 

  98. M. A. Potter, K. A. De Yong (1994): A cooperative coevolutionary approach to function optimization. In: H-P. Schwefel, R. Manner (eds) (1994): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN III, LNCS 866, Springer [27]: 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  99. K. V. Price (1999) An introduction to differential evolution. In: M. Dorigo, F. Glover (eds) (1999): New Ideas in Optimization. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999 [26]: 79–108.

    Google Scholar 

  100. C. R. Reeves (ed) (1993): Modern Heuristics Techniques for Combinatorial Problems. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  101. N. Radcliffe (1992), Non-linear genetic representations. In: B. Manderick (eds) (1992): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2. North-Holland [78]: 259–268.

    Google Scholar 

  102. C. R. Reeves, J. E. Rowe (2003): Genetic Algorithms: Principle and Perspectives: A Guide to GA Theory. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  103. S. Ronald (1997): Robust encoding in genetic algorithms: a survey of encoding issues. In: Proc. of the Forth Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, Piscataway, NJ, IEEE: 43–48.

    Google Scholar 

  104. I. Rechenberg (1994): Evolutionsstrategie. Frommann-Holzboog Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  105. R. G. Reynolds (1999): Cultural algorithms: theory and applications. In: M. Dorigo, F. Glover (eds) (1999): New Ideas in Optimization. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999 [26]: 367–377.

    Google Scholar 

  106. F. Rothlauf (2003): Population sizing for the redundant trivial voting mapping. In: [21]: 1307–1319.

    Google Scholar 

  107. F. Rothlauf (2003): Representations for genetic and evolutionary algorithms. In: [44]: 203–224.

    Google Scholar 

  108. R. Salustowicz, J. Schmidhuber (1999): From probabilities to programs with probabilistic incremental program evolution. In: M. Dorigo, F. Glover (eds) (1999): New Ideas in Optimization. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999 [26]: 433–450.

    Google Scholar 

  109. J. Sarma, K. A. De Jong (1996): An analysis of the effects of neighborhood size and shape on local selection algorithms. In: [126]: 236–244.

    Google Scholar 

  110. R. Schaefer, J. Kolodziej (2003): Genetic search reinforced by the population hierarchy. In: K. A. De Jong, R. Poli, J. E. Rove (eds) Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 7, Morgan Kaufmann: 383–399.

    Google Scholar 

  111. J. D. Schaffer (ed) (1989): Proc. of 3rd Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan-Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  112. J. D. Schaffer, R. A. Caruana, L. J. Eshelman, R. Das (1989): A study of control parameters affecting online performance of genetic algorithms for function optimization. In: [111]: 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  113. H-P. Schwefel (1995): Evolution and Optimum Seeking, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  114. H-P. Schwefel, C. Rudolph (1995): Contemporary evolution strategies. In: Third Int. Conf. on Artificial Life, LNCS 929, Springer Verlag: 893–907.

    Google Scholar 

  115. R. E. Smith, C. Bonacina (2003): Mating restriction and niching pressure: results from agents and implications for general EC. In: [21]: 1382–1393.

    Google Scholar 

  116. D. Surry, N. Radcliffe (1996): Formal Algorithms + Formal Representations = Search Strategies. In: [126].

    Google Scholar 

  117. F. Seredynski (1994): Loosely coupled distributed genetic algorithms. In: H-P. Schwefel, R. Manner (eds) (1994): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN III, LNCS 866, Springer [27]: 514–523.

    Google Scholar 

  118. F. Seredynski (1997): Competitive coevolutionary multi-agent systems: the application to mapping and scheduling problems. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 47: 39–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. F. Seredynski (1998): New trends in parallel and distributed evolutionary computing. Fundamenta Informaticae 35, IOS Press: 211–230.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  120. F. Seredynski, A. Y. Zomaya, P. Bouvry (2003): Function Optimization with Coevolutionary Algorithms. In: M. A. Klopotek et al. (eds) Intelligent Information Processing and Web Mining, Advances in Soft Computing, Springer: 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  121. R. E. Smith, B. A. Dike, R. K. Mehra, B. Ravichandran, A. El-Fallah (1999): Classifier systems in combat: two-sided learning of maneuvers for advanced fighter aircraft. In: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  122. J. E. Smiths, F. Vavak (1999): Replacement strategies in steady state genetic algorithms: dynamic environments. Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 7(1): 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  123. W. Stolzmann (2003): Anticipatory classifier systems. In: [44]: 493–517.

    Google Scholar 

  124. R. Tsang, P. Lajbcygier (2002): Optimizing technical trading strategies with split search genetic algorithms. In: S.-H. Chen (ed) Evolutionary Computation in Economic and Finance. Physica-Verlag, Heildeiberg, New York: 333–358.

    Google Scholar 

  125. F. Vavak, T. C. Fogarty, K. Jukes (1996): A genetic algorithm with variable range of local search for tracking changing environments. In: [126].

    Google Scholar 

  126. H-M. Voight et al. (eds) (1996): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN IV, Springer, LNCS 1411.

    Google Scholar 

  127. V. Volterra (1926): Variazoni e Fluttuazioni Del Numero D’individui in Specie Animali Conviventi. Memorie della R. Accaddemia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2: 31–113.

    Google Scholar 

  128. M. D. Vose (1999): The Simple Genetic Algorithm. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  129. I. Wegener, W. Carsten (2003): On the optimization of monotone polynomials by the (1 + 1) EA and randomized local search. In: [20]: 622–633.

    Google Scholar 

  130. D. Whitley, D. Garrett, J-P. Watson (2003): Quad search and hybrid genetic algorithms. In: [21]: 1469–1480.

    Google Scholar 

  131. D. Whitley, V. S. Gordon, K. Mathias (1994): Lamarckian evolution, the Baldwin effect and function optimization. In: H-P. Schwefel, R. Manner (eds) (1994): Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN III, LNCS 866, Springer [27]: 6–15.

    Google Scholar 

  132. D. Whitley (1999): A free lunch proof for Grey versus binary encoding. In: [6]: 726–733.

    Google Scholar 

  133. D. Whitley (2003): Evaluating search algorithms. In: [44]: 132–147.

    Google Scholar 

  134. D. Whitley (1989): The GENITOR algorithm and selection pressure: why rank-based allocation of reproductive trials is best. In: [111]: 116–121.

    Google Scholar 

  135. S. W. Wilson (1994): ZCS: A zeroth level classifier system. Evolutionary Computation 2(1): 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  136. S. W. Wilson (1995): Classifier fitness based on accuracy. Evolutionary Computation 3: 149–175.

    Google Scholar 

  137. S. W. Wilson (2003): Structure and Function of the XCS classifier system. In: [44]: 547–555.

    Google Scholar 

  138. D. H. Wolpert, W. G. Macready (1997): No free lunch theorems for optimization. IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation, 1: 67–82.

    Google Scholar 

  139. X. Yao (1996): An overview of evolutionary computation. Chinese Journal of Advanced Software Research, 3, 1:(1) 12–29.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  140. X. Yao (1999): Evolutionary programming made faster. IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation, 3, 2(1): 82–102.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seredynski, F. (2006). Evolutionary Paradigms. In: Zomaya, A.Y. (eds) Handbook of Nature-Inspired and Innovative Computing. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27705-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27705-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-40532-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-27705-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics