Abstract
The recent advances in sketch-based applications and digital-pen protocols make visual languages useful tools for Human Computer Interaction. Graphical symbols are the core elements of a sketch and, hence a visual language. Thus, symbol recognition approaches are the basis for visual language parsing. In this paper we propose an adjacency grammar to represent graphical symbols in a sketchy framework. Adjacency grammars represent the visual syntax in terms of adjacency relations between primitives. Graphical symbols may be either diagram components or gestures. An on-line parsing method is also proposed. The performance of the recognition is evaluated using a benchmarking database of 5000 on-line symbols. Finally, an application framework for sketching architectural floor plans is described.
This work has been partially supported by the spanish project CICYT TIC2003-09291 and catalan project CeRTAP PVPC.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bunke, H.: String grammars for syntactic pattern recognition. In: Bunke, H., Sanfeliu, A. (eds.) Syntactic and Structural Pattern Recognition. Theory and Applications, pp. 29–54. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore (1990)
Min, W., Tang, Z., Tang, L.: Using web grammar to recognize dimensions in engineering drawings. Pattern Recognition 26, 1407–1916 (1993)
Bunke, H.: Attributed programmed graph grammars and their application to schematic diagram interpretation. IEEE Trans. on PAMI 4, 574–582 (1982)
Fahmy, H., Blonstein, D.: A graph grammar programming style for recognition of music notation. Machine Vision and Applications 6, 83–99 (1993)
Fahmy, H., Blostein, D.: A survey of graph grammars: Theory and applications. In: Proceedings of 12th. Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition (a), Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 294–298 (1994)
Jorge, J., Glinert, E.: Online parsing of visual languages using adjacency grammars. In: Proceedings of the 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, pp. 250–257 (1995)
Tombre, K., Ah-Soon, C., Dosch, P., Masini, G., Tabonne, S.: Stable and robust vectorization: How to make the right choices. In: Chhabra, A.K., Dori, D. (eds.) GREC 1999. LNCS, vol. 1941, pp. 3–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Sezgin, T., Stahovich, T., Davis, R.: Sketch based interfaces: Early processing for sketch understanding. In: Proceedings of 2001 Perceptive User Interfaces Workshop (PUI 2001), ACM Digital Library (2001) ISBN 1-58113-448-7
Rekers, J., Schurr, A.: Defining and parsing visual languages with layered graph grammars. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 8, 27–55 (1997)
Al-Mulhem, M., Ather, M.: Mrg parser for visual languages. Inf. Sci. 131, 19–46 (2001)
Logitech: IO digital pen (2004), www.logitech.com
Sánchez, G., Valveny, E., Lladós, J., Mas, J., Lozano, N.: A platform to extract knowledge from graphic documents. application to an architectural sketch understanding scenario. In: Marinai, S., Dengel, A. (eds.) Document Analysis Systems VI, pp. 349–365. World Scientific, Singapore (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Mas, J., Sánchez, G., Lladós, J. (2005). An Adjacency Grammar to Recognize Symbols and Gestures in a Digital Pen Framework. In: Marques, J.S., Pérez de la Blanca, N., Pina, P. (eds) Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. IbPRIA 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3523. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11492542_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11492542_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-26154-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-32238-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)