Abstract
One of the major problems of user’s interaction with Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) is to have the conversation last more than few second: after being amused and intrigued by the ECAs, users may find rapidly the restrictions and limitations of the dialog systems, they may perceive the repetition of the ECAs animation, they may find the behaviors of ECAs to be inconsistent and implausible, etc. We believe that some special links, or bonds, have to be established between users and ECAs during interaction. It is our view that showing and/or perceiving interest is the necessary premise to establish a relationship. In this paper we present a model of an ECA able to establish, maintain and end the conversation based on its perception of the level of interest of its interlocutor.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allwood, J.: Bodily communication dimensions of expression and content. In: Karlsson, I., Granström, B., House, D. (eds.) Multimodality in Language and Speech Systems, pp. 7–26. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002)
Baron-Cohen, S.: How to build a baby that can read minds: cognitive mechanisms in mind reading. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 13, 513–552 (1994)
Beall, A.C., Bailenson, J., Loomis, J., Blascovich, J., Rex, C.: Non-zero-sum gaze in immersive virtual environments. In: Proceedings of HCI International, Crete (2003)
Beck, D.M., Lavie, N.: Look here but ignore what you see: effects of distractors at fixation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (September 2004)
Cappella, J., Pelachaud, C.: Rules for responsive robots: using human interaction to build virtual interaction. In: Vangelisti, A.L., Reis, H.T., Fitzpatrick, M. (eds.) Stability and change in relationships. Cambridge University Press, New York (2001)
Cassell, J., Bickmore, T., Billinghurst, M., Campbell, L., Chang, K., Vilhjàlmsson, H., Yan, H.: Embodiment in conversational interfaces: Rea. In: CHI, Pittsburgh, PA, April 15-20 (1999)
Castelfranchi, C., Poggi, I.: Bugie finsioni sotterfugi. In: Per una scienza dell’inganno, Carocci, Roma (1998)
Cohen, M.F., Colburn, R.A., Drucker, S.M.: The role of eye gaze in avatar mediated conversational interfaces. In Technical Report MSR-TR-2000-81. Microsoft Corporation (2000)
Conte, R., Castelfranchi, C.: Cognitive and Social Action, University College, London (1995)
Ekman, P.: Telling lies. New York: Norton (1985)
Fukayama, A., Ohno, T., Mukawa, N., Sawaki, M., Hagita, N.: Messages embedded in gaze of interface agents — impression management with agent’s gaze. In: CHI 2002: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 41–48. ACM Press, New York (2002)
Garau, M., Slater, M., Vinayagamoorthy, V., Brogni, A., Steed, A., Sasse, M.A.: The impact of avatar realism and eye gaze control on perceived quality of communication in a shared immersive virtual environment. In: Proceedings of the conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 529–536. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Goffman, E.: Forms of Talk. Blackwell, Oxford (1981)
Lamarche, F., Donikian, S.: Automatic orchestration of behaviours through the management of resources and priority levels. In: Proceedings of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2002), Bologna, Italy, July 15-19. ACM, New York (2002)
Leslie, A.M.: The perception of causality in infants. Perception 11(2), 173–186 (1982)
Pelachaud, C., Bilvi, M.: Modelling gaze behavior for conversational agents. In: Rist, T., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Rickel, J. (eds.) IVA 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2792, pp. 93–100. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Pelachaud, C., Carofiglio, V., De Carolis, B., de Rosis, F.: Embodied contextual agent in information delivering application. In: First International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents & Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS), Bologna, Italy (July 2002)
Peters, C., Pelachaud, C., Bevacqua, E., Mancini, M., Poggi, I.: Engagement capabilities for ecas. In: AAMAS 2005 workshop Creating Bonds with ECAs (2005)
Poggi, I.: Mind, hands, face and body. A goal and belief view of multimodal communication, Forth (to be published)
Poggi, I., Pelachaud, C.: Signals and meanings of gaze in animated faces. In: McKevitt, P., Nuállain, S., Muhlvihill, C. (eds.) Language, Vision and Music, John Benjamins, Amsterdam (2001)
Poggi, I., Pelachaud, C., De Carolis, B.: To display or not to display? towards the architecture of a reflexive agent. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Attitude, Personality and Emotions in User-adapted Interaction. User Modeling 2001, Sonthofen (Germany), July 13-17 (2001)
Poggi, I., Pelachaud, C., De Rosis, F.: Eye communication in a conversational 3d synthetic agent. In: AI Communications, vol. 13, pp. 169–181. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2000)
Sidner, C.L., Kidd, C.D., Lee, C., Lesh, N.: Where to look: A study of human-robot interaction. In: Intelligent User Interfaces Conference, pp. 78–84. ACM Press, New York (2004)
Thórisson, K.R.: Layered modular action control for communicative humanoids. In: Computer Animation 1997, Switzerland. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1997)
Turk, M., Bailenson, J., Blascovich, J., Guadagno, R.: Multimodal transformed social interaction. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (2004)
Vertegaal, R., Slagter, R., van der Veer, G., Nijholt, A.: Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes. In: CHI 2001: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 301–308. ACM Press, New York (2001)
Vertegaal, R., Weevers, I., Sohn, C., Cheung, C.: Gaze-2: conveying eye contact in group video conferencing using eye-controlled camera direction. In: CHI 2003: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 521–528. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Peters, C., Pelachaud, C., Bevacqua, E., Mancini, M., Poggi, I. (2005). A Model of Attention and Interest Using Gaze Behavior. In: Panayiotopoulos, T., Gratch, J., Aylett, R., Ballin, D., Olivier, P., Rist, T. (eds) Intelligent Virtual Agents. IVA 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 3661. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11550617_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11550617_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28738-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28739-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)