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References
Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) Report of Working Group I. Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/spm22-01.pdf. All URLs are accurate as of 24 May 2005.
Charles Weiss, “Expressing Scientific Uncertainty,” Law, Probability and Risk, 2, 25–46 (2003).
Joroen P. Vandersluijs, “Uncertainty and Precaution in Environmental Management: Insights from the UPEM Conference,” Environmental Modeling and Software (IEMSS-2004 special issue); Silvio Funtowitz and Jeremy Ravetz, Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy (Dordricht: Kluwer, 1990).
W. E. Walker et al., “Defining Uncertainty: A Conceptual Basis for Uncertainty Management in Model-Based Decision Support,” Integrated Assessment 4, 5–17 (2003).
For references on the history and legal status of the Precautionary Principle, see Charles Weiss, “Scientific Uncertainty and Science-Based Precaution,” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 3, 137–166 (2003), footnote 1.
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), In Edith Brown Weiss et.al., International Environment Law: Basic Instruments and References, 1992–1999 (Ardsley NY. Transnational Press, 1999).
The Wingspread Declaration is the declaration of a meeting of nongovernmental experts held in Wingspread WI in January 1998. See http://www.sehn.org/state.html.
Charles Weiss, op. cit.
See David M. Kreps, A Course in Microeconomic Theory (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
Charles Weiss, op. cit.. We have changed the shape of the function U in Figures 1-3 from that shown in the figures in this reference.
Charles Weiss, op.cit.
These verbal formulations are derived from a study of the response of the international community to several global environmental threats. See Charles Weiss, op. cit.
Poul Harramoes et al, eds., The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings (London: Earthscan Publications, 2002).
Joel Tickner, ed., Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy (Washington: Island Press, 2003); M. Kaiser, “Multi-Stakeholder Application of the Precautionary Principle: The Importance of Transparent Values,” paper presented at the UPEM Conference in Copenhagen, 7–9 June 2004; and Poul Harramoes, op. cit.
Pamela A. Wright, “Monitoring for Forest Management Unit Scale Sustainability: The Local Unit Criteria and Indicators Development Test (The LUCID Test)” US Department of Agriculture and US Forest Service, Inventory and Monitoring Institute Report #4, 2002, available at http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/lucid/final_report. Ibid. See also National Research Council, Our Common Journey (Washington; Natianal Academy Press).
We have here modified the formulation given in our earlier paper, Charles Weiss, “Scientific Uncertainty and Science-Based Precaution,” op. cit., by adding the clause beginning “as long as.” We are also changing the name of the proposed Principle, which in our earlier paper we called the “reasonableness principle,” by replacing the value-laden term “reasonableness,” which might imply that any criticism of the proposed Principle would be unreasonable.
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Weiss, C. (2006). Precaution: The Willingness to Accept Costs to Avert Uncertain Danger. In: Coping with Uncertainty. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, vol 581. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-35262-7_18
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