Skip to main content

Priming in Spatial Memory: A Flow Model Approach

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Spatial Cognition III (Spatial Cognition 2002)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 2685))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 1161 Accesses

Abstract

Theories on spatial priming usually explain the reduction of reaction time (the priming effect) by spreading activation. In the field of spatial cognition concurrent models like post-lexical priming mechanisms or compound cue theories (expectancy-based priming theories) have not been consequently discussed. None of the existing theories, however, provides a sufficient explanation for both kinds of findings, various distance effects and alignment effects in episodic spatial memory. Moreover, all existing theories need a series of additional assumptions and transformations to translate theoretical magnitudes like activation or familiarity into reaction time latencies. the transformation from activation or familiarity to reaction times. This unsatisfying state of the art implies to suggest a new approach to think about spatial priming. The illustrated solution regards priming as a specific solution of the Navier-Stokes equation. Empirical data support the suggested model.

This work was partly supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the Spatial Cognition Priotiry Program (He 270/19-1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abraham, R.H. & Shaw, C.D. (1985). Dynamics — The geometry of behavior (Part 1: Periodic behavior). Santa Cruz, CA: Aerial Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.R. (1991). Is human cognition adaptive? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 471–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beller, H. K. (1971). Priming: effects of advance information on matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87, 176–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkhoff, G. (1978). Hydrodynamics. Westport: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chown, E., Kaplan, S. & Kortenkamp, D. (1995). Prototypes, location, and associative networks (PLAN): towards a unified theory of cognitive mapping. Cognitive Science, 19, 1–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, K. & Habibi, A. (1991). Contribution of temporal contiguity to the spatial priming effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 17, 263–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A.M. & Loftus, E.F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curiel, J.M. & Radvansky, G.A. (1998). Mental organization of maps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 202–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Groot, A.M.B. (1985). Word-context effects in word naming and lexical decision. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A, 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, R.M. & Stea, D.S. (1973) (eds.). Image and environment. Cognitive mapping and spatial behavior (pp. 8–26). Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, N., Tversky, B., & Coon, V. (1992). Switching points of view in spatial mental models. Memory & Cognition, 20, 507–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillund, G. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1984). A retrieval model for both cognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick, D.A., Woolridge, S.C. & Rinalducci, E.J. (1983). Selection of landmarks as a correlate of cognitive map organization. Psychological Reports, 53, 807–813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, G. (2000). Organisation räumlichen Wissens. Untersuchungen zur Orts-und Richtungsreprä sentation. Wiesbaden: DUV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, G., Herrmann, T., Katz, S. & Schweizer, K (2000). Oblique angled intersections and barriers: Navigating through a virtual maze. In C. Freksa, W. Brauer, C. Habel & K.F. Wender (eds.) Spatial cognition II — Integrating abstract theories, empirical studies, formal methods, and practical applications (pp. 277–294). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, R.M. (1994). Cognitive maps: what are they and why study them? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, R. & Freundschuh, S. (2000). Cognitive mapping: past, present and future. London: Routledge Frontiers of Cognitive Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuipers, B. (1978). Modelling spatial knowledge. Cognitive Science, 2, 129–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuipers, B. (1983). The cognitive map: could it have been any other way? In H.L. Pick & L.P. Acredolo (eds.), Spatial orientation (pp. 345–359). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M., Jankovic, I.N. & Palij, M. (1982). Principles of spatial problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 11, 157–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luce, R.D. (1986). Response times. Their role in inferring elementary mental organization. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: The Technology Press & Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, M., Péruch, P. & Savoyant, A. (1995). Navigating in a virtual environment with mapacquired knowledge: encoding and alignment effects. Ecological Psychology, 7, 21–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, J.L. & Rumelhart, D.E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception. Part 1: an account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKoon, G. & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Spreading activation versus compound cue accounts of priming: mediated priming revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1155–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P. (1986). Mental representations of spatial relations. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 87–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P. (1991). Memory’s view of space. In G.H. Bower (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 147–186). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P. (1992a). Theories of priming: I. Associative distance and lag. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1173–1190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P. (1992b). Priming and constraints it places on theories of memory and retrieval. Psychological Review, 99, 650–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P., Halpin, J.A. & Hardy, J.K. (1992). Spatial and temporal contributions to the structure of spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 555–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P., Hardy, J.K. & Hirtle, S.S.C. (1989). Subjective hierarchies in spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 211–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P. & LeSueur, L.L. (1989). Mental representations of spatial and nonspatial relations. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41 A, 215–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T.P., Ratcliff, R.& McKoon, G. (1984). The mental representation of knowledge acquired from maps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 723–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, A.A. & Baird, J.C. (1987). Semantic and spatial factors in environmental memory. Memory & Cognition, 15, 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D.E. & Schvaneveldt, R.W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne-Thomson, L.M. (1976). Theoretical hydrodynamics (5. ed.). London: The Macmillan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, B.B. (1982). A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychological Review, 89, 609–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neely, J.H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: a selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G.W. Humphreys (eds.), Basic processes in reading. Visual word recognition (pp. 264–337). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neely, J. H. & Keefe, D. E. (1989). Semantic context effects on visual word processing: a hybrid prospective-retrospective processing theory. In G.H. Bower (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 24, pp. 202–248). New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pick, H.L., Montello, D.R. & Somerville, S.C. (1988): Landmarks and the coordination and integration of spatial information. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 372–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M.I. & Mitchell, R.F. (1967). Chronometric analysis of classification. Psychological Review, 74, 392–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Presson, C.C., DeLange, N. & Hazelrigg, M.D. (1987). Orientation-specificity in kinaesthetic spatial learning: the role of multiple orientations. Memory & Cognition, 15, 225–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raajjmakers, J.G.W. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliff, R. & McKoon, G. (1981). Does activation really spread? Psychological Review, 88, 454–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliff, R. & McKoon, G. (1988). A retrieval theory of priming in memory. Psychological Review, 95, 305–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roskos-Ewoldson, B., McNamara, T.P., Shelton, A.L. & Carr, W. (1998). Mental representations of large and small spatial layouts are orientation dependent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 215–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schölkopf, B. & Mallot, H.A. (1995). View-based cognitive mapping and path integration. Adaptive Behavior, 3, 311–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, K. (1997). Räumliche oder zeitliche Wissensorganisation? Zur mentalen Repräsentation der Blickpunktsequenz bei räumlichen Anordnungen. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, K. (2001). Strömt die Welt in unseren Köpfen? Kontiguität und Abruf in mentalen Karten. (Unpublised habilitation thesis). Mannheim, University of Mannheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, K., Herrmann, T., Janzen, G. & Katz, S. (1998). The route direction effect and its constraints. In C. Freska, C. Habel & K.F. Wender (eds.), Spatial cognition. An interdisciplinary approach to representing and processing spatial knowledge (pp. 19–38). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, K. & Janzen, G. (1996). Zum Einfluß der Erwerbssituation auf die Raumkognition: Mentale Repräsentation der Blickpunktsequenz bei räumlichen Anordnungen. Sprache & Kognition, 15, 217–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, A.W. & White, S.H. (1975). The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. In H.R. Reese (ed.), Advances in child development and behaviour (pp. 10–55). New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steck, S. & Mallot, H.A. (2000). The role of global and local landmarks in virtual environment navigation. Presence, 9, 69–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strohecker, C. (2000). Cognitive zoom: from object to path and back again. In C. Freksa, W. Brauer, C. Habel & K.F. Wender (eds.), Spatial cognition II — Integrating abstract theories, empirical studies, formal methods, and practical applications (pp. 1–15). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, B. (1981). Distortions in memory for maps. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 407–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagener, M. & Wender, K.F. (1985). Spatial representations and inference processes in memory for text. In G. Rickheit & H. Strohner (eds.), Inferences in text processing (pp. 115–136). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, S., Krieg-Brückner, B. & Herrmann, T. (2000). Modelling navigational knowledge by route graphs. In C. Freksa, W. Brauer, C. Habel & K.F. Wender (eds.), Spatial cognition II — Integrating abstract theories, empirical studies, formal methods, and practical applications (pp. 295–316). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, S., Krieg-Brückner, B., Mallot, H.A., Schweizer, K. & Freksa, C. (1997). Spatial cognition: the role of landmark, route, and survey knowledge in human and robot navigation. In M. Jarke, K. Pasedach & K. Pohl (eds.) Informatik’97 (pp. 41–50). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zierep, J. (1997). Grundzüge der Strömungslehre (6. Aufl.). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Schweizer, K. (2003). Priming in Spatial Memory: A Flow Model Approach. In: Freksa, C., Brauer, W., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds) Spatial Cognition III. Spatial Cognition 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2685. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45004-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45004-1_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-40430-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45004-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics