Abstract
Spatial orientation strongly relies on visual and whole-body information available while moving through space. As virtual environments allow to isolate the contribution of visual information from the contribution of whole-body information, they are an attractive methodological means to investigate the role of visual information for spatial orientation. Using an elementary spatial orientation task (triangle completion) in a simple virtual environment we studied the effect of amount of simultaneously available visual information (geometric field of view) and triangle layout on the integration and uptake of directional (turn) and distance information under visual simulation conditions. While the amount of simultaneously available visual information had no effect on homing errors, triangle layout substantially affected homing errors. Further analysis of the observed homing errors by means of an Encoding Error Model revealed that subjects navigating under visual simulation conditions had problems in accurately taking up and representing directional (turn) information, an effect which was not observed in experiments reported in the literature from similar whole-body conditions. Implications and prospects for investigating spatial orientation by means of virtual environments are discussed considering the present experiments as well as other work on spatial cognition using virtual environments.
Send correspondence to Mark May.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alfano, P. L. & Michel, G. F. (1990). Restricting the field of view: Perceptual and performance effects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 35–45.
Batschelet, E. (1981). Circular statistics in biology. London, New York: Academic Press.
Beer, J. M. A. (1993). Perceiving scene layout through aperture during visually simulated self-motion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 1066–1081.
Benhamou, S., Sauvé, J. P., & Bovet, P. (1990). Spatial memory in large scale movements: Efficiency and limitations of the egocentric coding process. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 145, 1–12.
Bliss, J. P., Tidwell, P. D., & Guest, M. (1997). The effectiveness of virtual reality for administering spatial navigation training to firefighters. Presence, 6(1), 73–86.
Brauer, W., Freksa, C., Habel, C., & Wender, K. F. (1995). Raumkognition: Repräsentation und Verarbeitung räumlichen Wissens. Vorschlag zur Einrichtung eines DFG-Schwerpunktprogrammes.
Cutting, J. E. (1986). Perception with an eye for motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cutting, J. E. (1997). How the eye measures reality and virtual reality. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 29, 27–36.
Distler, H. & Bülthoff, H. (1996). Psychophysical experiments and virtual environments. Poster presented at the virtual reality world 1996.
Durlach, N. I. & Mavor, A. S. (1995). Virtual reality. Scientific and technological challenges. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Ellis, S. R. (1991). Pictorial communication: Pictures and the synthetic universe. In S. R. Ellis, M. K. Kaiser, & A. C. Grunwald (Eds.), Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments (pp. 22–40). London: Taylor & Francis.
Ellis, S. R. (1994). What are virtual environments? IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 17–22.
Fujita, N., Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., & Golledge, R. G. (1993). The encoding-error model of pathway completion without vision. Geographical Analysis, 25, 295–314.
Gallistel, C. R. (1990a). Representations in animal cognition: An introduction. Cognition, 37, 1–22.
Gallistel, C. R. (1990b). The organization of learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Gillner, S. & Mallot, H. A. (1997). Navigation and acquisition of spatial knowledge in a virtual maze. Max-Planck-Instiut für bilogische Kybernetik, Technical Report, 45.
Golledge, R.G., Klatzky, R.L., & Loomis, J.L. (1996). Cognitive mapping and wayfinding by adults without vision. In J. Portugali (Ed.), The construction of cognitive maps (pp. 215–246). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Haber, L., Haber, R. N., Penningroth, S., Novak, N., & Radgowski, H. (1993). Comparison of nine methods of indicating the direction to objects: Data from blind adults. Perception, 22, 35–47.
Henry, D. & Furness, T. (1993). Spatial perception in virtual environments. Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS), Seattle, WA, 33–40.
Johansson, G. & Börjesson, E. (1989). Toward a new theory of vision studies in wide-angle space perception. Ecological Psychology, 1, 301–331.
Kalawsky, R. S. (1993). The science of virtual reality and virtual environments. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., & Golledge, R. G. (1997). Encoding spatial representations through nonvisually guided locomotion: Tests of human path integration. In D. Medin (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 37, pp. 41–84). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Golledge, R. G., Cicinelli, J. G., Doherty, S., & Pellegrino, J. W. (1990). Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22, 19–43.
Kozak, J. J., Hancock, P. A., Arthur, E. J., & Chrysler, S. T. (1993). Transfer of training from virtual reality. Ergonomics, 36, 777–784.
Levine, M. (1982). You-are-here maps: Psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior, 14, 221–237.
Liu, A., Tharp, G., French, L., Lai, S., & Stark, L. (1993). Some of what one needs to know about using head-mounted displays to improve teleoperator performance. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 9, 638–648.
Loomis, J. M., DaSilva, J. A., Fujita, N., & Fukusima, S. S. (1992). Visual space perception and visually directed action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 906–921.
Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Golledge, R. G., Cicinelli, J. G., Pellegrino, J. W., & Fry, P. A. (1993). Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 73–91.
Maurer, R. & Séguinot, V. (1995). What is modelling for? A critical review of the models of path integration. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 175, 457–475.
May, M. (1996). Cognitive and embodied modes of spatial imagery. Psychologische Beiträge, 38, 418–434.
May, M., Péruch, P., & Savoyant, A. (1995). Navigating in a virtual environment with map-acquired knowledge: Encoding and alignment effects.. Ecological Psychology, 7, 21–36.
Nadel, L. (1990). Varieties of spatial cognition. Psychobiological considerations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 613–636.
Neale, D. C. (1996). Spatial perception in desktop virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica: Human Factors Society.
O’Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Péruch, P., May, M., & Wartenberg, F. (1997). Homing in virtual environments: Effects of field of view and path-layout. Perception, 26, 301–311.
Péruch, P., Vercher, J.-L., & Gauthier, G. M. (1995). Acquisition of spatial knowledge through visual exploration of simulated environments. Ecological Psychology, 7, 1–20.
Pimentel, K. & Teixeira, K. (1993). Virtual reality. Through the new looking glass. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Poucet, B. (1993). Spatial cognitive maps in animals: New hypotheses on their structure and neural mechanisms. Psychological Review, 100, 163–182.
Presson, C. C. & Montello, D. R. (1994). Updating after rotational and translational body movements: Coordinate structure of perspective space. Perception, 23, 1447–1455.
Rieser, J. J. (1989). Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 1157–1165.
Rieser, J. J. & Garing, A. E. (1994). Spatial orientation. Encyclopedia of human behavior, 4, 287–295.
Rieser, J. J., Garing, A. E., & Young, M. F. (1994). Imagery, action and young children’s spatial orientation: It’s not being there that counts, it’s what one has in mind. Child Development, 65, 1254–1270.
Rieser, J. J., Guth, D. A., & Hill, E. W. (1986). Sensitivity to perceive structure while walking without vision. Perception, 15, 173–188.
Rieser, J. J., Hill, E. W., Talor, C. R., Bradfield, A., & Rosen, S. (1992). Visual experience, visual field size, and the development of nonvisual sensitivity to spatial structure of outdoor neighborhoods explored by walking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 210–221.
Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. M. (1997). Navigating buildings in “desk-top” virtual environments: Experimental investigations using extended navigational experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3, 143–159.
Schölkopf, B. & Mallot, H. A. (1995). View-based cognitive mapping and path planning. Adaptive Behavior, 3, 311–348.
Sedgwick, H. A. (1982). Visual modes of spatial orientation. In M. Potegal (Ed.), Spatial abilities. Development and physiological foundations (pp. 3–33). New York: Academic Press.
Sedgwick, H. A. (1986). Space perception. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of human perception and performance: Vol. 1 Sensory processes and perception (pp. 21.1–21.57). New York: Wiley.
Sholl, M. J. (1996). From visual information to cognitive maps. In J. Portugali (Ed.), The construction of cognitive maps (Vol. 2, pp. 157–186). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Strelow, E. R. (1985). What is needed for a theory of mobility: Direct perception and cognitive maps-lessons from the blind. Psychological Review, 92, 226–248.
Thinus-Blanc, C. & Gaunet, F. (1997). Representation of space in blind persons: Vision as a spatial sense? Psychological Bulletin, 121, 20–42.
Thorndyke, P. W. & Hayes-Roth, B. (1982). Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 560–589.
Tong, F. H., Marlin, S. G., & Frost, B. J. (1995). Visual-motor integration and spatial representation in a visual virtual environment. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 36, 1679.
Vishton, P. M. & Cutting, J. (1995). Wayfinding, displacements, and mental maps: Velocity fields are not typically used to determine one’s aimpoint. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(5), 978–995.
Wagner, M. (1985). The metric of visual space. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 483–495.
Wickens, C. D. & Baker, P. (1995). Cognitive issues in virtual reality. In W. Barfield & T. Furness (Eds.), Virtual reality (pp. 515–541). New York: Oxford University Press.
Williams, H. P., Hutchinson, S., & Wickens, C. D. (1996). A comparison of methods for promoting geographic knowledge in simulated aircraft navigation. Human Factors, 38, 50–64.
Wilson, P.N. & Foreman, N. (1993). Transfer of information from virtual to real space: Implications for people with physical disability. Eurographics Technical Report Series, 93, 21–25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wartenberg, F., May, M., Péruch, P. (1998). Spatial orientation in virtual environments: Background considerations and experiments. In: Freksa, C., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds) Spatial Cognition. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 1404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69342-4_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69342-4_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-64603-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69342-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive